Comparative Anatomy of Vertebrate Skeletal and Muscular Systems
Muscle
Connective Tissue in Muscles
1. Identify these special connective tissue terms associated with muscles: fascia, raphe, tendons & myosepta.
- Fascia: Helps distribute blood vessels throughout the muscle.
- Raphe: A line of connective tissue that serves as a connection point between muscles.
- Tendons: Connective tissue surrounding the muscle that directly attaches muscles to bones.
- Myosepta: Connective tissues between myomers, linking them together.
Muscle Function and Classification
2. Why is it that
Read MoreGenetics, Ecology, and Food Chains: A Comprehensive Guide
Haploid Nucleus
23 chromosomes
Diploid Nucleus
46 chromosomes
Genotype
Examples: Tt, Bb, Rr
Phenotype
Example: A tall plant or a dwarf plant
Homozygous
Example: TT
Heterozygous
Example: Tt
Dominant Allele
Represented by a capital letter
Recessive Allele
Represented by a small letter
Mitosis
Mitosis is a nuclear division that produces genetically identical cells. The chromosome number is maintained by the exact duplication of chromosomes. Mitosis occurs when an organism is growing, repairing a damaged part of its
Read MoreUnderstanding Viruses: From Structure and Infection to Immunity
Viruses and their Life Cycles
What are Viruses?
Viruses that infect bacteria are referred to as bacteriophages.
A virion is a complete, extracellular virus particle.
The protein projections on the surface of a virus that are involved in attachment to the host cell are called spikes.
Stages of a Phage Infection
- Attachment
- Penetration
- Transcription
- Replication of nucleic acid and protein
- Assembly
- Release
The bacterial viruses that are released by a process termed extrusion are called filamentous phages.
Animal
Read MoreIntroduction to Cell Biology
The Cell Theory
- All living things are composed of one or more cells.
- Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in an organism.
- Cells come only from the reproduction of existing cells.
Prokaryote
No Nucleus / Very small / Limited organization / No membrane-bound organelles (only DNA and ribosomes) example: Bacteria
Eukaryote
Nucleus / Small (larger than Prokaryotes) / Organization / Membrane-bound organelles / Example: Plants and animals
Scientists and Their Contributions
- Anton van Leeuwenhoek: Invented
Synthetic Biology: Definitions, Concepts, and Applications
Synthetic Biology (Definitions & Concepts)
Synthetic biology (interdisciplinary) is composed of biology, chemistry, engineering & refactoring.
Analogy to Organic Synthesis
Synthesis and analysis are complementary. In organic chemistry, analysis and synthesis were both critical in determining fundamental principles of chemical structure and reactivity. Synthetic molecules have been used for a wide variety of applications. Similarly, synthetic approaches will complement analytical methods in
Read MoreUnderstanding Ecosystems and Evolutionary Processes
Nitrogen and Carbon Cycles
Nitrogen Cycle
Nitrogen is a major compound, comprising 78% of the Earth’s atmosphere. The nitrogen cycle involves several key processes:
- Nitrogen Fixation: Nitrogen gas (N2) is converted into ammonium (NH4) by cyanobacteria and other bacteria in the soil, or into organic compounds by nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the roots of legumes. Plants utilize these compounds to form proteins and amino acids.
- Nitrification: Nitrates are produced in two ways. Firstly, nitrogen gas is converted