Voice Production Anatomy: Larynx, Vocal Cords & Respiration
The Diaphragm
- A large, dome-shaped muscle located below the lungs.
- Essential for the process of breathing.
The Trachea (Windpipe)
A tube providing passage for air between the larynx and the bronchi.
- Provides protection for the respiratory system.
- Composed of C-shaped cartilaginous rings that keep the airway open.
The Larynx
Also known as the voice box, it is composed of several cartilages:
- V-shaped structures composed of muscles and ligament membranes.
- Positioned horizontally within the larynx.
- Joined at
Evidence for Evolution: Fossils, Biochemistry, Anatomy
Evidence for Evolution
Paleontological evidence: Fossils have been found with features intermediate between species and even different taxonomic groups. These fossils have helped reconstruct the evolutionary histories of horses, dinosaurs, molluscs, etc.
Evidence from Comparative Biochemistry: Comparative analysis of different molecules that comprise living organisms has provided data that supports the evolutionary process:
- The essential chemical components of all organisms are the same.
- Identical metabolic
The Endocrine System: Hormones and Their Functions
Endocrine System
Pituitary Gland
1. Anterior Lobe (Adenohypophysis)
- Gonadotropin Hormone: Regulates the gonads.
- Thyrotropin Hormone: Regulates the thyroid.
- Somatotropin Hormone: Influences growth and carbohydrate metabolism. (Hypersecretion: Gigantism; Hyposecretion: Dwarfism)
- Adrenocorticotropin Hormone: Stimulates hormone production in the adrenal cortex.
- Prolactin Hormone: Various functions related to reproduction and lactation.
2. Pars Media (Intermediate Lobe)
- Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (MSH): Controls
Eukaryotic Cell Nucleus: Structure and Function
The Nucleus: Center of Eukaryotic Cell Control
The nucleus is the central control center of the eukaryotic cell. It contains the majority of cellular DNA and genetic information for almost every gene function.
Morphology and Composition
In animal cells, the nucleus is typically spherical, while in plant cells, it tends to be more irregular in shape. The nucleus contains the majority of cellular DNA within the eukaryotic cell. DNA molecules vary in size, each forming a chromosome. The nucleus also contains
Read MoreDNA Tertiary Structure and RNA Types & Functions
Advantages of DNA Tertiary Structure
- Reduces the overall length of the DNA molecule, allowing it to fit within cellular compartments.
- Facilitates DNA replication. Its clockwise winding (dextrorotatory) structure is efficiently unwound by enzymes that typically work in a counter-clockwise (levorotatory) manner.
Some organisms possess non-coding DNA fragments, known as supernumerary DNA.
DNA Structure Types and Packing
- Single-stranded DNA (ssDNA): Composed of a single nucleotide chain.
- Double-stranded DNA
Cell Division: Mitosis and the Cell Cycle Explained
The Cell Cycle: A Detailed Explanation
Role Play: This is the period of time from when a cell divides until it gives rise to other cells, encompassing all processes within that timeframe.
Interface: The Longest Stage
The interface is the longest stage, featuring the cell nucleus and consisting of three phases:
G1 Phase
During this stage, mRNA synthesis, and therefore protein synthesis, takes place. The cell contains a Diplosoma. Towards the end of this phase, there’s a point of no return, called the
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