Human Body Systems: Nervous, Endocrine, Sensory & Musculoskeletal
Relationship: The Nervous System
Maintaining Internal Balance
The nervous system plays a crucial role in maintaining internal balance, also known as homeostasis. It coordinates the activities of organs, apparatuses, and systems throughout the body. This complex network consists of specialized cells, structures, and chemicals that work together to feel sensations, perform simple operations, and respond to internal and external stimuli.
Nerve Cells: Neurons
Neurons are highly specialized cells responsible
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Endomembrane System
Functions
The endomembrane system participates in the synthesis of various macromolecules.
Components
Clathrin
Clathrin is assembled from protein subunits.
Coatomer
Coatomer consists of six protein chains and is formed from COP (Coat Proteins).
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
The ER occupies 10% of the total cell volume.
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)
The RER is covered with ribosomes concentrated in the core. Its membrane is thinner (7nm) compared to the plasma membrane, with 70% protein
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Medical Advances
Immune System and Disease Treatment
The immune system, a complex network of organs, cells, and molecules, defends the body against infectious agents and abnormal cells. Disease treatment often involves chemotherapy, the use of chemical substances (drugs) to combat illness. Different types of chemotherapy include:
- Disinfectants: Substances like alcohol and bleach that destroy microorganisms on objects.
- Antiseptics: Used to eliminate microorganisms on living tissues, such as iodine
Photosynthesis: The Process That Powers Life on Earth
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is an anabolic and autotrophic primary process upon which life on Earth depends. It involves the conversion of light energy from the sun into electrical energy and then into chemical energy by photosynthetic organisms. This energy is used to form their own organic matter or biomass (carbohydrates) from inorganic molecules such as water, CO2, and mineral salts. O2 molecules, resulting from the breakdown of water molecules involved in the process, appear as a waste product.
Read MorePlasma Membrane Structure and Function: A Comprehensive Guide
Plasma Membrane: The Cell’s Protective Barrier
Composition and Structure
The plasma membrane, a universal cell component, primarily consists of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates. Under an electron microscope, it appears as two dark parallel lines separated by a clear space. Its surfaces are continuous and smooth, sometimes dotted with particles. The membrane exhibits fluidity and selective permeability, isolating the cell’s interior while allowing specific substances to pass.
Key Ingredients
- Lipids:
Micropropagation & Cryopreservation: A Deep Dive
Micropropagation: Definition, Merits & Demerits
Micropropagation is the practice of rapidly multiplying stock plant material to produce a large number of progeny plants using modern plant tissue culture.
Merits of Micropropagation
- Clonal Mass Propagation: Extremely large numbers of plants can be produced.
- Culture Initiation: Culture is initialized from small parts of plants.
- Disease and Virus-Free Plantlets: This leads to simplification of international exchange of plants.
- Increased Production of