Blood Composition, Functions, and Vessels: A Detailed Look
Blood: Composition and Functions
Blood is a viscous, salty-tasting liquid that circulates within the circulatory system. The average human body contains approximately 5.5 liters of blood.
Key Features of Blood
- Carries nutrients and oxygen to all cells.
- Collects waste products from cell metabolism.
- Plays a crucial role in defending the body against infection.
- Transports hormones, which are essential for controlling bodily functions.
- Participates in regulating body temperature by distributing heat from warmer
Plant Biology: Nutrition, Transport, and Gas Exchange
Plant Biology
Nutrition, Transport, and Gas Exchange
1. Introduction
Plants perform essential processes such as nutrient uptake, food digestion, gas exchange, transport, metabolism, and excretion. This document will explore these processes in detail.
2. Plant Structure and Function
Plants, such as algae and cormophytes, have specialized structures for different functions. Cormophytes possess leaves for photosynthesis, stems for support and circulation (xylem and phloem), and roots for water and nutrient
Read MoreProteins, Nucleic Acids, and Biological Dogma Explained
Protein Functions
- Structural: Proteins are essential components of cells and tissues, supporting growth, repair, and maintenance.
- Contractile: Proteins like actin and myosin are crucial for muscle cell contraction.
- Transportation: Proteins transport substances throughout the body. For example, hemoglobin carries oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2).
- Reception: Proteins on the cell surface detect and respond to stimuli.
- Catalytic: Enzymes, which are mostly proteins, regulate the speed of chemical reactions,
Human Body Composition and Cellular Structure
1. Levels of Organization in the Human Body
The human body is composed of several elements grouped into different levels of organization:
- Atoms: Chemical elements forming the molecules of living beings.
- Molecules: Components from which cells produce their structures.
- Cells: The basic unit of human life.
- Tissues: Sets of specialized cells working together to perform a specific function.
- Organs: Formed by different tissues and have a specific function.
- Systems: Associations of organs working together to
Oral and Maxillofacial Abnormalities: A Comprehensive Review
Oral and Maxillofacial Abnormalities
Developmental Abnormalities: These are irregularities in the normal pattern of growth and development. Some dental abnormalities are mild, causing only minor disturbances in appearance, while others are serious and devastating.
Soft Tissue Anomalies
Cleft Lip: This can be lateral, central, unilateral (left or right), or bilateral, also known as harelip.
Cleft Palate: This results from a lack of fusion and can affect the soft palate and uvula, or the entire palate.
Read MorePeriodontal Pockets: Clinical Features, Diagnosis, and Treatment
Clinical Features of Periodontal Pockets
Symptoms:
- Localized pain or sensation of pressure which diminishes with time
- Foul taste or odor
- Tendency to suck material from interproximal areas
- Radiating pain “deep in the bone”
- Urge to dig with any pointed object
- Gnawing feeling or itchy gums
Clinical Signs:
- Sulcus depth more than 3 mm
- Enlarged bluish-red margin
- Bluish-red vertical zone
- Break in the bucco-lingual continuity
- Shiny, puffy gingiva with exposed root surfaces
Histopathology of Periodontal Pockets
Soft
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