Blood Composition and Human Circulatory System
Composition of the Blood
Blood is a composite liquid with a plasma part and blood cells.
Plasma
Plasma is the liquid, yellowish part of blood, making up 90%. It contains a variety of substances including proteins, carbohydrates, fats, minerals, O2, CO2, and nitrogen. Plasma without some blood serum proteins is called blood serum. When solidified, it is called coagulation.
Blood Cells
- Red blood cells or erythrocytes: These are biconcave cells without nuclei. They are elastic and deformable. Their red
Bryophytes: Terrestrial Plants with Simple Morphology
Bryophytes
Bryophytes are characteristic of moist terrestrial environments. Some show adaptations allowing them to occupy diverse environments, from aquatic to polar regions. They depend on water for anterozóide displacement to the egg cell. No marine representatives exist in this division.
These plants are used ornamentally, with fern roots as orchid substrate. Samambaiuçu trunks are used. Some ferns have anthelmintic properties, while certain shoots are carcinogenic.
Bryophytes
This division comprises
Read MoreNeuron Action Potentials and Synaptic Communication
Action Potential Generation
An action potential is an electrical signal in a neuron, a change in membrane potential from negative to positive. Only excitable cells can generate action potentials, allowing communication through electrical currents.
An oscilloscope measures action potentials, amplifying and recording the electrical activity of cells.
Ion channels, proteins in the cell membrane, generate electrical signals. Their permeability determines action potential generation.
Active transport (Na+
Read MoreHuman Circulatory System: Functions and Components
Circulatory Apparatus: Nutrient and Oxygen Transport
The circulatory apparatus is responsible for transporting nutrients and oxygen to all cells and collecting waste substances, leading them to the organs responsible for elimination.
Components of the Blood System
The blood system is composed of:
- Blood: The liquid responsible for transporting substances.
- Blood Vessels: The conduits where blood circulates.
- Heart: The organ that pumps blood continuously to reach all cells.
Blood Composition
Blood consists
Read MoreVertebrate Animals: Features and Evolution
Vertebrates: A Major Chordate Group
Vertebrates constitute the largest group within the chordates. All vertebrates have a backbone as a structural axis, a bony support that develops around the notochord, replacing it completely in many species. The spine is composed of bony elements, the vertebrae, which surround the nerve cord along its entire length.
Five Types of Vertebrates
- Fish
- Amphibians
- Reptiles
- Birds
- Mammals
General Features of Vertebrates
In all adult vertebrates, the notochord is replaced or surrounded
Evolution and Genetic Engineering: Key Concepts and Challenges
Gene Therapy
Gene therapy involves inserting genes into cells to treat diseases, including hereditary conditions. In vitro therapy extracts and processes patient cells in a lab, introducing the desired gene before returning them to the patient. In vivo therapy directly introduces a gene-carrying vector into the organism.
Transgenic Plants
Transgenic plants have genes transferred to them for:
- Herbicide resistance, insect and disease resistance, and increased yield
- Enhanced photosynthesis
- Improved product