Human Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy: the science of body structures and their components; their shape, size, and position.
Physiology: the science that studies the functions of these structures and bodily processes; how body parts work.
Pathology: the branch of medicine that studies diseases, their causes, and manifestations.
Biochemistry: the science that studies biological processes at the molecular level.
2-ANALYSIS OF THE HUMAN BODY’S HIERARCHICAL STRUCTURE
- The chemical level: atoms and molecules. Atoms and molecules combine
Sandy & Rocky Beach Ecosystems: A Comprehensive Study
Sandy beach communities generally have uniform topography. Wave action, sunlight, and dryness affect the beach uniformly, and life depends mainly on tidal amplitude. Dead organisms are common; birds, rodents, and insects are often observed, along with microalgae.
Coastal System or Phytalidae
Supralittoral Zone: The dominant species is the carter (please specify the full scientific name).
Mesolitoral Zone: Dominant species include Emerita analoga, along with mollusks, crustaceans, polychaetes, and
Read MoreCell Organelles
Organelle | Location | Features | Role |
Capsule | Covers the cell wall of some bacteria. | Viscous cell envelope polysaccharide. | Determines the degree of pathogenicity of the bacteria. |
Cell wall | Coats the cell membrane of plant cells, bacteria, cyanobacteria, and fungi. | Rigid structure consisting of cellulose in plant cells, peptidoglycan in bacteria, and chitin in most fungi (except mycoplasmas). | Provides rigidity and allows the passage of water, air, and dissolved materials. Cells walls have holes allowing material |
Antibiotics in Dentistry: Usage, Classification, and Mechanisms
Antibiotics in Dentistry
Antibiotics are naturally occurring, artificial, or microorganism-derived substances that can stop or destroy bacteria, fungi, and protozoa. Dr. Fleming discovered penicillin in 1929, marking the first antibiotic used. Initially, all antibiotics were natural. Later, semi-synthetic and synthetic antibiotics were developed by transforming original molecules to enhance pharmacological advantages.
Mechanisms of Action
Inhibition of cell wall synthesis enzymes (murein).
Alteration
Human Biology and Physiology
1. Nutrition and Digestion
a) Devices Involved in Nutrition
The digestive, circulatory, respiratory, and excretory systems are involved in the process of nutrition.
b) Accessory Glands and Secretions
Accessory glands in the digestive system include:
- Salivary glands (saliva)
- Liver (bile)
- Pancreas (enzymes)
2. Mechanical and Chemical Digestion
a) Differences and Importance
Mechanical digestion involves physically breaking down food into smaller pieces, mixing it with digestive juices like saliva, and preparing
Read MoreUnderstanding Human Diseases: Types, Defenses, and Treatments
Noninfectious Diseases
These diseases affect the body’s organ systems. They can be categorized as:
- Inherited or Genetic Diseases: Passed down from parents, often chronic (e.g., diabetes, hemophilia).
- Mental Diseases: Cause abnormal personality disorders (e.g., neurosis, schizophrenia). Treatment may involve psychotropic drugs, therapy, and support.
- Specific Organ/System Diseases: Affect particular organs or body systems, such as the digestive, circulatory, nervous, musculoskeletal, endocrine, or sensory