The Heart and Blood Circulation: A Detailed Explanation
The Circulatory System
Transporting Substances
The circulatory system, comprised of blood vessels and the heart, transports vital substances throughout the body. Numerous channels reach all body cells, delivering nutrients and removing waste products. This exchange occurs within the internal environment, specifically the interstitial plasma.
Interstitial Plasma Renewal
Continuous renewal of interstitial plasma is essential. Blood circulates throughout the body, providing fresh nutrients and removing
Read MoreBiotechnology and Disease: A Deep Dive
Biotechnology
Definition:
- A branch of knowledge developed since the discovery of DNA and its gene sequence.
- Enables procedures for changing an organism’s genetic constitution.
- Used in industrial processes to improve efficiency and productivity for human benefit.
- Applied to generate transgenic organisms, but the impact on human health and the environment is still being studied.
Transgenic Organisms
Definition:
- Living things with altered genetic compositions.
- Created to improve productivity, develop resistance
Nucleic Acids: Discovery, Structure, and Function
1. Discovery of Nucleic Acids
In 1871, Friedrich Miescher isolated a phosphorus-rich acidic substance from cell nuclei, calling it nuclein. In 1899, Richard Altmann renamed it nucleic acid. Robert Feulgen, in 1914, used a fuchsin dye to identify nucleic acid in plant and animal cell nuclei. Early 1900s research identified two types: “thymus nucleic acid” and “yeast nucleic acid.” Albrecht Kossel and Phoebus Levene (1920) found that nucleic acids contain nitrogenous bases. Levene identified four in
Read MoreAnimal Nutrition, Metabolism, and Respiration
Nutrition: Metabolism:
qimics d ls q reactions depend reproduction, manteniminto d structurs, development and ability to Stimulo d Respondre.
Catabolism:
(get energy) molec.Compleja – molec.Sencilla + E, EJP: cellular respiration.
(Repair and mentine structurs) molec.Secillas + E – molec.Compl.
Processes:
Capture and ingestion:
Ingestion: introduction d alimnts body nl x dl animal.Normalmnt the boca.Tipos:
ingstion Passive peqeñs cn Acuatics animals specialized movilida.Structuras Scase : cilia,
Functional Foods: Benefits and Applications for Health
Functional Foods
Functional foods provide a beneficial effect on health beyond their nutritional value. Examples include:
- Removed Component: unsalted luncheon
- Replacement Components: whole wheat bread, flour
- Adding Component: DHA butter, milk, omega-3, calcium
Probiotic Foods
Probiotic foods contain live bacteria capable of producing tangible health benefits. Example: BAL lactic acid bacteria (in yogurt).
Prebiotics
Prebiotics are food products that promote the development and growth of beneficial bacteria
Read MoreEukaryotic Cell Organelles: Nucleus, Mitochondria, Chloroplasts
Core: The Cell’s Control Center
The core, or nucleus, is the main organelle in eukaryotic cells (both animal and plant). It houses the cell’s genome, where DNA replication and RNA synthesis occur. Most cells have a single nucleus, although some, like mammalian erythrocytes, lack nuclei, while others, like hepatocytes, can have two, and osteoclasts can be multinucleated.
Interphase Nucleus
In animal cells, the resting nucleus usually occupies a central position, while in plant cells, it’s often eccentric
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