Carbohydrate Classification, Properties, and Functions
Carbohydrate Classification
Monosaccharides (Oses)
Classified according to the functional group:
- Aldose
- Ketose
Based on the number of carbon atoms:
- Trioses (3)
- Tetroses
- Pentoses
- Hexoses
- Heptoses
Osids
- Holosids
- Oligosaccharides
- Polysaccharides
- Homopolysaccharides
- Heteropolysaccharides
- Heterosids
Carbohydrate Definition
Carbohydrates are compounds resulting from replacing one of the functional groups (-OH) of a polyalcohol with another functional group, either an aldehyde or a ketone.
General Characteristics of Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates,
Read MoreInvertebrate Animals: Sponges to Insects
Porifera and Coelenterata
Porifera, such as sponges, and Coelenterata, such as jellyfish and polyps, were once thought to be plants because they are often found fixed to a rocky or sandy substrate.
Porifera (Sponges)
The body of a sponge is shaped like a bag and is perforated by numerous pores, which communicate through its interior canals. The main cavity communicates with the outside through a hole called the osculum.
Coelenterates
- Medusa: Umbrella-shaped with an opening at the bottom. They live floating
Eukaryotic Cells: Structures and Functions
Mitochondria
Mitochondria are organelles surrounded by two membranes, present in all eukaryotic cells. They are considered the power plants of the cell since they are the site of the oxidation of fatty acids and the aerobic phase of cellular respiration.
- Outer membrane: Smooth and permeable.
- External chamber: Located between the two membranes, with a composition very similar to the cytosol because of the permeability of the outer membrane.
- Internal membrane: Presents a series of folds directed toward
Neuroendocrine Regulation and Homeostasis: Mechanisms and Impact
Neuroendocrine Regulation and Homeostasis
Pituitary and Hypothalamus
The pituitary is the main endocrine gland and is involved in regulating the hydrosaline balance, among other functions. The hypothalamus is a structure of the nervous system that controls the functioning of the pituitary.
Formation of Hypertonic and Hypotonic Urine
Glomerular filtration changes in its composition as it progresses through the various passages that form the renal tubule. Harmful substances are removed from the blood,
Read MoreFish Musculature: Trunk and Head Muscles
Trunk Muscles in Fish
Trunk muscles in fish consist of a series of muscle blocks called myotomes or myomeres, separated by connective tissue sheaths called myosepta. These myosepta represent the segmentation of the body. Some fish have red and white muscle cells (myofibers). The red fibers are oriented more or less parallel to the axis of the body, while white fibers can deviate as much as 45 degrees from the axis of the body. The myotomes are folded, just under the skin, and their outer edges resemble
Read MoreHuman Evolution: From Primates to Modern Homo Sapiens
- Forelimbs endowed with great mobility: Prehensile toes, flat nails, opposable thumb, which promotes dexterity.
- Stereoscopic vision: The position of the eyes in front, to calculate distances.
- Unspecialized digestive system, which can have a very varied diet: plants, carrion, meat, insects.
- A very limited number of descendants: With large units of the mother after birth, thereby developing a complex social behavior.
Genetic Changes Conditioning the Human Species: Hominization
It is a complex biological
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