Nervous and Endocrine Systems: Functions, Diseases, and Health
The Function of Relationship
1-Processes that are included in the function of relationship
- Adaptation of the organism to changing environmental conditions, both external and internal.
- The relationship and coordination of different parts of our body to act as a unit.
The processes involved in the function of relationship are made by: the sense organs that capture the information from the environment as a stimulus and transmit it to the nervous system that receives, processes and develops a response,
Read MoreCellular Processes: Glycolysis, Fermentation, and Microscopy
Cellular Processes and Microscopy
Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm. Fermentation produces CO₂. An enzyme has 4 subunits and requires an iron ion. Brownian movement is the random, zigzag motion of tiny particles suspended in a liquid or gas, caused by collisions with fast-moving molecules. White Cloud is a salt. A parfocal microscope keeps the specimen in focus when changing objective lenses. When you move the slide left, the image appears to move right. A compound microscope inverts the image.
Read MorePhotosynthesis: Light, Dark Phases, and the Calvin Cycle
Light Phase
In the light phase, light absorption occurs in the antenna complex, capturing light and channeling it to the reaction centers. This creates an energy flux that passes through a series of redox molecules. In this process, reducing power (NADPH) and energy (ATP) are formed.
Dark Phase
In the dark phase, the energy formed in the light phase is utilized. Using CO2 and NADPH, and the energy from ATP, sugars are produced.
Chlorophyll a
Chlorophyll a has a methyl group substituent on ring 2. Its
Read MoreVascular and Lymphatic Tissue Tumors: Types and Characteristics
Benign Vascular Tissue Tumors
- Hemangioma
- Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia
- Encephalotrigeminal Angiomatosis
- Lymphangioma
Hemangioma
- Hamartoma (versus true neoplasm)
- Vascular in origin
- Congenital hemangioma (versus congenital vascular malformation)
- Endothelial cell proliferation
- Also known as strawberry nevus
Clinical Features
- Appears weeks after birth
- Male < Female (2:1)
- Common in head and neck region
- Flat or raised lesion of mucosa (nodular)
- Deep red or bluish red
- Blanches when compressed
- Common intraoral
Abiogenesis vs. Biogenesis: Origin of Life Theories
Spontaneous Generation Theory
Around 200,000 years ago, the Greek philosopher Aristotle proposed that life could arise spontaneously from non-living matter. He believed that certain materials contained an “active ingredient” capable of generating life.
Aristotle’s hypothesis suggested that a passive principle (dead matter) required an active principle to initiate life. This concept resembles the modern idea of energy.
In the 17th century, Belgian physician Van Helmont even provided a recipe for producing
Read MoreAntibacterial Resistance Mechanisms and Drug Classes
Antibacterial Resistance: Mechanisms of Action and Spectrum
**Beta-Lactams**
- **Mechanism of Action:** Inhibit cell wall synthesis by inhibiting peptidoglycan polymerization.
- **Resistance Mechanisms:**
- Beta-lactamase enzyme synthesis.
- Altered target site.
- **Spectrum:**
- Broad (Benzylpenicillin).
- Reduced (Ampicillin).
- **Antibacterial Activity:** Bactericidal.
- **Features:** No antibiotic is toxic and old (1940s), routine clinical use.
- **Representatives:** Ampicillin, Penicillin.
**Glycopeptides**
- **Mechanism of