Understanding Pets and Reptiles: Life Cycles and Care
Dogs: From Birth to Maturity
Dogs reach sexual maturity at approximately 6 months, but smaller breeds do so earlier than larger ones. Females become sexually receptive to mating during a period called estrus (heat), which occurs about twice a year and lasts between 6 and 12 days. After a gestation period lasting usually 63 days on average, between 3 and 6 puppies are born.
At birth, pups are blind and unable to stand, so they spend 90% of the time sleeping and nursing the remaining 10%. Cold is the
Read MoreCarbohydrates, Fats, and Proteins: Essential Biomolecules
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are biomolecules formed by C (Carbon), H (Hydrogen), and O (Oxygen). There is always a carbonyl group, which may be an aldehyde or a ketone.
Classification
- Monosaccharides: Single-chain polyhydroxy aldehydes or polyhydroxy ketones. They can have 3-7 carbons.
- Physical Properties: White, crystalline solids, soluble, sweet flavor.
- Chemical Properties: Reduce Fehling’s reagent, ability to aminate.
- Oligosaccharides: 2-10 monosaccharides.
- Polysaccharides: More than 10 monosaccharides.
Organ and Tissue Donation: Medical Advances and Impact
Organ Transplantation: A Modern Medical Success
Organ transplantation is one of the great successes of this century. The first successful kidney transplant was performed in 1954. Christiaan Barnard successfully transplanted the first heart in 1967. This therapy has improved the lives of many sick people.
Who Can Donate?
Transplantation is a highly developed medical technique that works very well in recipients. It allows them to save their lives or improve their quality of life, but this requires a
Read MoreSensory Receptors and the Human Body: Functions and Systems
What is the Mission of Sensory Receptors?
They are responsible for receiving and transmitting information from outside the nervous system.
What is the Mission of the Effectors?
Effectors are responsible for carrying out the response developed by nerve centers. The response may be secretory or motor.
Sensory Receptor Types
What sensory receptor types are known?
- Photoreceptors: They detect light stimuli and are located in the eyes.
- Mechanoreceptors: These are stimulated by mechanical changes, pressure, contact,
Human Sensory System: Receptors, Organs, and Health
The Role of Relationship in Sensory Processes
The role of relationship involves three groups of processes: the reception of stimuli, processing of information for the development of coordinated responses, and execution of responses. Humans have specialized organs to carry out these processes: receptor organs, systems of coordination, and effector organs.
Reception of Stimuli
A stimulus is a change in our environment or within us that we perceive and provokes a response from our body. Receptor cells
Read MoreHuman Physiology: Digestive, Respiratory, and Cardiovascular Systems
Digestive System: Enzymes and Hormonal Regulation
The digestive system involves processes such as digestion, motility, absorption, and secretion. Key enzymes and their functions include:
- Pepsin: Digests proteins; released as pepsinogen by chief cells.
- Lipase: Digests fats into two fatty acids and monoglycerides.
- Trypsin, Chymotrypsin, Elastase: Digest proteins into peptide fragments.
- Carboxypeptidase: Splits off the terminal amino acid from the carboxyl end of a protein.
- Amylase: Breaks polysaccharides