Understanding Genetic Mutations: Types, Effects, and Inheritance
Mutation: A type of genetic exchange that will affect a recessive characteristic when the effect of the genetic alteration is not immediately apparent in the individual. In contrast, with a dominant characteristic, the effect of the genetic alteration is manifested in the individual.
Mutations can affect somatic cells and the organism. Note: Mutations that are produced in somatic cells, when the cell multiplies, all the daughter cells will have the mutation and form a clone. These mutations are not
Read MoreUnderstanding the Human Reproductive System
The Female Reproductive System
The female reproductive tract consists of the internal genitalia and external genitalia.
Ovaries
Two bodies located in the abdominal cavity. They form the egg or female reproductive cells, estrogen, and progesterone, hormones that regulate the sexual development of female characteristics and prepare the body for a possible pregnancy.
Reproductive Tract
Ducts and cavities that receive sperm and house the embryo. They are formed by:
The Fallopian Tubes or Oviducts
Two funnel-
Muscle Contraction, Heartbeat Regulation, and Blood Vessels
Energy Consumption in Muscle Contraction
Energy Consumption in Contraction: Requires large quantities of ATP for this process. ATP is needed for three different processes:
- For the union and disunion between actin and myosin.
- To sequester calcium.
- For the recovery of the membrane after depolarization.
The concentration of ATP in muscle is relatively low and provides enough energy to maintain the contraction for a short period. If the muscles continue to contract after that initial contribution has been
Read MoreCellular Processes: Protein Synthesis, Transport, and Genetics
Patricia Charlebois-Page – Lecture 1
Topics: ATP, pH, Temperature/pKa, Protein Secretion, Golgi Complex Theories, Protein Synthesis, Protein Export, General Summary of Protein Synthesis
- ATP provides energy through phosphate binding and conformational changes. Factors affecting ATP hydrolysis include positive binding, ATP and ADP concentrations, pH, temperature, and pKa (lower pH leads to more protonated phosphate).
- Protein Secretion: Two types of proteins: cytosolic and ER-bound.
- Signal sequence (S.
Monera, Viruses, Plasmids, Viroids, and Prions: Characteristics and Classification
Monera: Structure, Morphology, and Reproduction
Monera are the simplest organisms, lacking a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. They are divided into two main domains: Bacteria and Archaea.
Eubacteria
Structure and Composition:
- Capsule: Present in some bacteria, composed of polysaccharides (glycocalyx). It aids in attachment, pathogen penetration, protection against viruses, resistance to phagocytosis, and water accumulation. It also protects against pH changes and host defenses.
- Cell Wall:
Animal Behavior: Foraging, Predation, and Communication
Exam 3: Key Concepts in Animal Behavior
Multiple Choice Answers:
- TRUE: Ospreys are eagle-sized raptors that feed almost exclusively on fish.
- TRUE: New Caledonian crows sometimes make their own tools.
- TRUE: Poison arrow frogs use warning coloration to avoid predation (aposematic coloration).
- TRUE: Australian cuttlefish can change color to match their background.
- TRUE: American bitterns are heron-like birds that use camouflage to “hide in the open”.
- TRUE: Honey bees use the waggle dance when the food