Human Eye: Anatomy, Physiology, and Common Diseases

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The Human Eye: Anatomy, Physiology, and Common Diseases

The senses are sight, hearing, taste, smell, and touch. An external stimulus triggers a sensory impression and is produced in the nervous system and the recipient organ.

The Sense of Sight

Sight is measured primarily by two parameters: the visual field (the portion of space that may be directed towards maintaining a fixed gaze) and visual acuity (the ability to distinguish two separate points that are very close together).

Anatomy and Physiology

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Cell Division: Mitosis, Meiosis, and Genetic Inheritance

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Cell Cycle

Cycle CC: 2 Stage: 1. Interphase: Slow phase between 2 mitosis, has 3 phases:

  • G1 Phase (cells synthesize proteins and grow, it may become a quiescent phase, G0, for years or even die).
  • S Phase Following this phase, DNA doubles.
  • G2 Phase Before mitosis, centrioles duplicate.

2nd phase Mitosis and Cytokinesis. 2 phases:

  • Karyokinesis
  • Cytokinesis

In karyokinesis, the following are distinguished:

  1. Prophase: Centrioles are placed on opposite sides, microtubules form two types of fibers: kinetochore fibers,
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Biological Buffers, Acute Phase Proteins, and Enzymes: Understanding Key Physiological Processes

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Biological Buffers

Biological buffers are ionic species that attempt to neutralize excess acid or base to maintain the pH in equilibrium. Principal buffers:

  • Intracellular: Phosphate; Glucose 6P; ATP.
  • Interstitial: CO3H2/CO3H- (bicarbonate buffer), protein, phosphate.
  • Blood – Intraerythrocytic: CO3H2/CO3H- (bicarbonate), Hemoglobin / Oxyhemoglobin; phosphate.
  • Plasma: Proteins, Phosphates; CO3H2/CO3H-.

Bicarbonate buffer: CO2 (g) <–> CO2 (dis) <–> CO2 (blood) + H2O <- + zn ++ -> carbonic

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Vascular Plants: Clubmosses, Horsetails, and Rhyniophyta

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Rhyniophyta

  • The most primitive vascular plants.
  • Extinct, grew in shallow waters in the Paleozoic era.
  • They did not have true roots, but a rhizome – an underground stem (podzemok) with rhizoids (pakorienky).
  • The stem was photosynthetic, lacking leaves.
  • It branched into telomes (telómy).
  • Isomorphic metagenesis: sporophyte and gametophyte looked alike.

Clubmosses

  • Botanists first thought they resembled moss, which is why “moss” is in the name. The “club” part of the name comes from the club-like shape
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Understanding Bodily Injuries from Falls and Trauma

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Infanticidal Damaging

Resume of precipitation injuries: “Skin intact or little affected, very serious internal damage, consisting of skeletal fractures, soft tissue breakdown and, above all, of viscera, offering the most varied combinations.” Divided into three categories: skin lesions, skeletal, and visceral.

A) Skin Lesions

Precipitation often results in total or near-total integrity of the skin. Skin elasticity can offer great resistance to lesions. Skin lesions are usually minor, consisting of

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Cellular Respiration and Enzyme Activity: Key Concepts

Posted by on Jan 7, 2025 in Biology | 0 comments

Cellular Respiration and Enzyme Activity

Cellular respiration, the breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen, is an example of a pathway of catabolism.

The synthesis of protein from amino acids is an example of anabolism.

A Cell Does Three Main Kinds of Work:

  • Chemical
  • Transport
  • Mechanical

Energy coupling is the use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one.

ATP is composed of ribose (a sugar), adenine (a nitrogenous base), and three phosphate groups.

The bonds between the phosphate groups of

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