Medical Terms: Respiratory & Digestive Health
Respiratory Terms
- Respiratory failure: The inability of the lungs to maintain adequate blood oxygenation.
- Drainage posture: Postural positions that allow for secretion drainage.
- Atelectasis: Collapse of lung tissue, preventing gas exchange.
- Pulse oximetry: A method used to measure oxygen saturation and heart rate.
- Manometer: An instrument for measuring the pressure of gases or vapors and the tension of fluids in blood vessels.
- Manoreductor: A device that reduces the output pressure of oxygen from the
Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic Cells: Key Differences
Eukaryotic Cells
Eukaryotic cells are characterized by the following:
- Enclose their DNA within a nucleus
- Possess more than one chromosome
- Are typically multicellular
- Are generally larger and more complex than prokaryotic cells
- Separate their genetic material from the rest of the cell
Prokaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic cells are characterized by the following:
- Do not enclose their DNA within a nucleus
- Have one circular chromosome, not a true chromosome, but plasmids
- Are unicellular
- Are generally smaller and simpler
Nucleic Acids, DNA, RNA, and Cell Division: Key Concepts
What are Nucleic Acids?
Nucleic acids are long molecules formed by the union of simpler molecules called nucleotides.
Components of a Nucleotide
A nucleotide is composed of:
- A nitrogenous base: There are five different bases:
- Adenine (A)
- Guanine (G)
- Cytosine (C)
- Thymine (T)
- Uracil (U)
- A five-carbon sugar (pentose), which can be ribose or a derivative of it called deoxyribose.
- A phosphate group, which is a derivative of phosphoric acid (H3PO4).
Similarities and Differences Between RNA and DNA
| RNA | DNA |
|---|---|
Located in |
Plant Reproduction: From Budding to Seed Formation
**Budding**
This type of multiplication occurs in some actively dividing cells, forming buds that are initially attached to the parent. In less developed plants, these buds are called propagules, and they eventually develop into independent new individuals.
**Fragmentation**
The parent spontaneously divides into two or more fragments, each of which forms a new individual. Types of fragmentation include:
- By rhizome: Horizontally elongated stems, often buried. Some of their buds give rise to new stems
Female Reproductive System: Structure and Processes
The Female Reproductive System
The female reproductive system is formed by the ovaries and reproductive tracts: the fallopian tubes, the uterus, the vagina, and the vulva.
Ovaries
They are the female reproductive gonads. Female gametes, or ova, are produced in the ovaries. The ovaries are two organs whose size and shape resemble that of an almond. In addition to producing female gametes, the ovaries produce sex hormones, estrogen and progesterone, which are essential for adequate sexual development
Read MoreInfectious Diseases: Prevention, Defense, and Treatment
Prevention of Infectious Diseases
To prevent the spread of infectious diseases, follow these guidelines:
- Do not drink water that may be contaminated.
- Store and handle food according to the instructions on their packaging.
- Heat and cook food thoroughly.
- Wash vegetables and fruits before consumption.
- Wash your hands after using the toilet and before eating or handling food.
- Use condoms during sexual intercourse.
Defense Against Infections
Defense Mechanisms
Nonspecific Mechanisms
These mechanisms protect against
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