Assisted Reproduction, Genetics, and Heredity Concepts
Assisted Reproductive Technologies
In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)
In vitro fertilization is a technique where the union of an egg and sperm occurs in a laboratory. The resulting pre-embryo is then deposited in the patient’s uterus. This can be done using the patient’s own eggs or donated eggs. In either case, eggs are extracted from the woman’s body via ovarian puncture. Once obtained and treated, both the eggs and sperm are combined for fertilization. The patient receives hormonal treatment to prepare
Read MoreMaternal Cardiovascular Changes and Signs of Labor
Cardiovascular Changes in the Mother
The cardiovascular response is influenced by multiple factors: individual, specific to each woman, and predictable, among which include posture, mode of delivery, and anesthesia or analgesia used.
- Minute volume: There is a further increase in cardiac output. Each uterine contraction causes changes in cardiac output as a function of the body position that the woman takes. During the second stage, the minute volume increases up to 50% and during delivery up to 80%
Toxic Compounds in Food: Processing and Heating Effects
Toxic Derivatives of Operations Technology in Food
Toxic derivatives are defined as toxic or potentially toxic substances that are formed chemically or enzymatically in food during processing, preparation, or storage.
Pyro-organic Compounds
Pyro-organic compounds are generally characterized as toxic or carcinogenic and are formed during strong heat treatment of food. These include:
- Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) (e.g., 3,4-benzopyrene, benzoanthracene)
- Heterocyclic Amines
- Acrolein
Polycyclic Aromatic
Read MoreMale and Female Reproductive Systems: Anatomy and Functions
Male Reproductive System
1. The Testicles
The testicles are the organs that produce male gametes, or sperm. They are oval and are constituted of several rolled seminiferous tubes. In the walls of the seminiferous tubes are the cells that produce sperm. In between these cells are cells that produce male sexual hormones (androgens). Testicles are located outside the abdominal cavity and are covered by a layer of skin known as the scrotum.
2. The Reproductive Tract
The reproductive tract is the name of
Read MorePCR, Bacteriophages, and Bacterial Genetics: A Comprehensive Study
PCR Technique
The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a molecular biology technique that allows the amplification of a specific DNA fragment, generating a large number of copies. It is based on cycles of temperature increases and decreases that enable DNA denaturation and DNA polymerase activity, respectively. After PCR amplification, it is easier to identify viruses or bacteria. PCR has several applications:
Sequencing
PCR is responsible for generating sufficient DNA template for sequencing. It is
Read MorePhotosynthesis: Light-Dependent & Independent Reactions
What are the two sets of photosynthesis?
light-dependent reactions and light-independent reactions
What is the order of the sets in photosynthesis?
Light-dependent reactions
Light-independent reactions
Why do plants need light ?
Because the light-dependent reactions can not take place without it
Where do the light dependent reactions take place?
In the thylakoids of chloroplast
What are photosystems?
groups of chlorophyll and proteins found in the thylakoids