Human Body Systems: Anatomy, Physiology, and Health
Sense Organs: Detection & Perception
Stimuli and Sensory Receptors
Stimuli: Changes that occur in our internal and external environment.
Sensory Receptors
Specialized structures that detect stimuli and generate nerve impulses.
Depending on their location (internal or external) in the body, they can be:
Interoceptors
Distributed throughout the inside of the body, detecting changes such as variations in blood oxygen levels or blood pressure.
Exteroceptors
Near the surface of the body, detecting changes
Read MoreHuman Body Control: Nervous and Endocrine Systems Explained
The Human Nervous System: Coordination and Control
The Role of Relationship and Coordination
For us to perform the functions of nutrition and reproduction properly, we need a central system to coordinate all activities involved. This system also coordinates other events unrelated to these two primary functions, such as studying, shivering, or laughing, which allow us to interact with the external environment, with physical objects, or with other living beings. This crucial feature, called relationship,
Read MoreBiological Foundations: Nucleic Acids and Human Digestion
Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA Fundamentals
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
DNA, or Deoxyribonucleic Acid, is a fundamental type of nucleic acid.
- Sugar: Deoxyribose
- Nitrogenous Bases: Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C), Thymine (T)
- Other Component: Phosphoric acid
Function: DNA contains the genetic information of a living being, which is essential for all protein synthesis and the overall functioning of an organism.
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
RNA, or Ribonucleic Acid, is another crucial type of nucleic acid.
- Sugar:
Cell Biology: Structure, Functions, and Tissue Organization
The Cell: Basic Unit of Life
The cell is the structural and functional unit of all living beings. The Cell Theory states that:
- All living organisms are composed of cells.
- The cell is the basic unit of structure and function in all living organisms.
- All cells come from pre-existing cells through the process of cell division.
Cell Morphology: Types of Cells
There are two main types of cells:
- Prokaryotic Cells: These are simple cells without a true nucleus or membrane-bound organelles (except ribosomes).
Animal Biology & Behavior: Key Concepts in Zoology
Reptile Diversity & Evolution
Reptile Skull Classifications
Synapsids: Reptiles that had one hole in each temporal region. They eventually gave rise to modern mammals.
Anapsids: Reptiles that have a skull with no temporal holes.
Diapsids: Reptiles that have two holes in each temporal region, one above the other.
Modern Reptile Groups
- Turtles
- Sphenodonts (Tuataras)
- Snakes and Lizards
- Crocodilians
Avian Adaptations for Flight
Airfoil Design
An airfoil is curved down on the top and curved up on the bottom,
Read MoreEssential Biology Concepts: Systems, Processes, and Life Sciences
The Nervous System Fundamentals
Understanding the Reflex Arc
- Know the components: sensory neuron, motor neuron, relay neuron, effector.
- Understand how the reflex arc works.
Neuron Structure and Function
- Describe the structure: axon, dendrites, myelin sheath.
- Explain their role in transmitting nerve impulses.
Synaptic Transmission Explained
- Explain the neurotransmitter role in signal transmission between neurons.
The Human Circulatory System
Heart Anatomy and Blood Flow
- Label a heart diagram and describe the