Cellular Organelles: Peroxisomes, Mitochondria, and Chloroplasts
Peroxisomes and Glyoxysomes
Peroxisomes: These organelles are similar to lysosomes but contain oxidase enzymes instead of hydrolases. Key enzymes include peroxidase and catalase. They facilitate oxidation reactions, similar to those in mitochondria, but the released energy is dissipated as heat. Peroxisomes also detoxify harmful substances.
Glyoxysomes: A specialized type of peroxisome found in plants, containing enzymes for the glyoxylic acid cycle. This cycle enables the synthesis of carbohydrates
Read MoreMeiosis: Understanding the Phases of Cell Division
Digestive System in Vertebrates: From Oral Cavity to Midgut
Oral Cavity
The oral cavity, or mouth, is surrounded by folds of skin called lips, except in turtles and birds. Inside the mouth, there are teeth. In some species, all teeth are the same, while in others, the upper teeth have different shapes. Their function is to cut, grind, and crush food (mechanical digestion). The tongue is also found in the mouth. It contains a large number of taste buds, and its function is to mix food and facilitate its transit into the pharynx. In fish, the tongue is not
Read MoreSexual and Asexual Reproduction in Living Organisms
Reproduction in Living Organisms
Reproduction is the process by which living things produce new generations of individuals of the same species. The new living things can arise from individual cells, groups of cells, or portions of the parent organisms.
Unicellular Organisms
In unicellular living things, the cell is the full body and divides to give rise to new organisms.
Multicellular Organisms
In multicellular living beings, their constituent cells originate apart from others by successive division.
Read MoreKey Concepts in Biology: Variables, Energy, Genetics, and More
Key Concepts in Biology
In experiments, the independent variable is manipulated, while the dependent variable responds. The independent variable is plotted on the x-axis, and the dependent variable on the y-axis.
Energy and Ecosystems
Lions hunt in groups to conserve energy. The 10% rule states that approximately 10% of energy is transferred between trophic levels in food chains. Net energy gain refers to the final amount of energy gained or lost.
Cellular Biology
Prokaryotic cells are single-celled
Read MoreThe Nervous System: Sensory Receptors, Neurons, and Impulses
Nervous System: Functions and Components
The nervous system governs the life of relation. It processes information received to develop appropriate responses.
Sensory Receptors
Stimuli are all internal and external changes capable of generating a response from the living being. Receptors are specialized cells that capture and translate stimuli into nerve impulses. These nerve cells are connected chemically or electrically with two neurons.
Classification of Receptors
By Location
- Interoceptors: Located