Optimizing Plant Growth: Photosynthesis and Greenhouse Factors
Optimizing Plant Growth in Greenhouses
In many countries where temperature and environmental conditions may not maximize the rate of photosynthesis, plants are grown in greenhouses to control the limiting factors.
Controlled Conditions in Greenhouses:
- Temperature:
- Sunlight heats the inside of the glasshouse.
- The glass prevents a significant amount of this heat from escaping.
- Electric heaters are used in cold weather.
- Light:
- The glass allows sunlight to enter.
- Artificial lights can be used when light intensity
Human Nutrition: Cells, Digestion, and Energy
Cells: The Foundation of Life
Cells are essential to living beings. They are living structures that perform various vital processes.
- Prokaryotes are very simple, unicellular cells. The cell is limited to the plasma membrane, within which is the cytoplasm.
- Eukaryotic cells are multicellular and surrounded by a plasma membrane.
Essential Body Systems
- The digestive system incorporates the nutrients contained in food.
- The respiratory system incorporates oxygen into the body and performs gas exchange.
- The circulatory
Brain Structure and Function: Research Methods
Brain Structure and Function
Sensory/Motor Cortex
- Olfactory/gustatory systems do not have contralateral organization.
- The primary motor cortex controls the contralateral side of the body.
- Left hemisphere: Speech and comprehension.
- Right hemisphere: Non-verbal spatial abilities.
- Lateralization: Functional differences between hemispheres.
- Corpus callosum: Connects hemispheres.
- Basal ganglia: Includes the caudate nucleus, putamen (striatum), and globus pallidus.
- Lesions to this area result in uncontrolled movements
Human Respiratory and Circulatory Systems: Functions and Anatomy
Respiratory System: Anatomy and Functions
The respiratory system facilitates the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the body. Here’s a breakdown of its key components:
- Vocal Cords: Located inside the larynx, these two ring-shaped folds vibrate to produce sounds as air passes through them.
- Nostrils: The primary entry point for air, the inner walls of the nostrils warm, humidify, and filter the incoming air using mucus.
- Pharynx: Part of the digestive system, the pharynx contains the pharyngeal tonsils
DNA and RNA: Structure, Function, and Types
Biological Function of DNA
DNA is the storehouse of genetic information and the molecule responsible for transmitting to offspring the necessary instructions to build all proteins in a living being. DNA has the ability to make copies of itself through a mechanism called replication, based on complementarity between the nitrogenous bases of the two strands of DNA.
DNA in Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes
In both cell types, DNA can take many forms and levels of complexity.
- In prokaryotes, there is a circular
Human Anatomy: Hormones, Nervous System, and Organs
Hormones and Endocrine System
Hormones: Influences metabolic activities of cells.
Pituitary gland: Hangs by a stalk from the hypothalamus in the brain. Protected by the sphenoid bone. Has two functional lobes:
- Anterior pituitary—glandular tissue
- Posterior pituitary—nervous tissue
Often called the “master endocrine gland”.
Endocrinology: Study of hormones and endocrine organs.
Central and Peripheral Nervous System
Central Nervous System (CNS): Components: brain and spinal cord. Functions: receives,
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