PCR, Bacteriophages, and Bacterial Genetics: A Comprehensive Study
PCR Technique
The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a molecular biology technique that allows the amplification of a specific DNA fragment, generating a large number of copies. It is based on cycles of temperature increases and decreases that enable DNA denaturation and DNA polymerase activity, respectively. After PCR amplification, it is easier to identify viruses or bacteria. PCR has several applications:
Sequencing
PCR is responsible for generating sufficient DNA template for sequencing. It is
Read MorePhotosynthesis: Light-Dependent & Independent Reactions
What are the two sets of photosynthesis?
light-dependent reactions and light-independent reactions
What is the order of the sets in photosynthesis?
Light-dependent reactions
Light-independent reactions
Why do plants need light ?
Because the light-dependent reactions can not take place without it
Where do the light dependent reactions take place?
In the thylakoids of chloroplast
What are photosystems?
groups of chlorophyll and proteins found in the thylakoids
What
Read MoreEnzymes, Digestion, and Nutrient Absorption: A Detailed Look
Enzymes and Catalysis
Enzymes are biological catalysts produced by living organisms. A catalyst accelerates a reaction without being consumed. Enzyme activity is influenced by temperature and pH, which affect their shape.
Diffusion
Diffusion is the net movement of particles from a high concentration area to a low concentration area, occurring in liquids and gases due to random particle motion.
Macronutrients
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are composed of simple sugars, containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Read MoreThe Human Nervous and Integumentary Systems: Functions and Structures
Nervous System Functions
- Sensory Function: Gathers information from inside and outside the body.
- Transmits information to processing areas of the brain and spine.
- Integration Function: Processes information in the brain and spine.
- Motor Function: Sends information to muscles, glands, and organs.
Controls all functions of the body to maintain homeostasis.
Neuron
Transmits impulses at speeds up to 250 mph.
- Dendrite: Receives stimulus.
- Schwann Cells: Found in the Peripheral Nervous System.
- Node of Ranvier: Gaps
Nervous and Hormonal Control: Homeostasis and Behavior in Animals
Nervous and Hormonal Control
Changes in the internal environment trigger a set of physiological responses, called homeostasis. Changes in the external environment cause a variety of responses that constitute behavior.
Control Systems Coordination in Animals
- The nervous system is responsible for regulation and coordination of the functions of the body through nerve impulses.
- The hormonal system regulates bodily functions through hormones.
Integrated Operation
- Stimulus: The external or internal environment.
Understanding Cloning and Transplants: Key Concepts and Pioneers
Understanding Cloning: Definitions and Processes
Cloning is a process by which an identical copy of a living entity, such as a cell or an organism, is obtained from a genetic point of view.
Therapeutic Cloning: A Medical Application
Therapeutic cloning allows for the healing of a sick person by obtaining a clone of a few pluripotent cells or tissue that could be transplanted into the patient without risk of rejection. An autologous transplant involves an organ or tissue from your own body, while an
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