Water and Wastewater Treatment: Key Concepts
Key Concepts in Water and Wastewater Treatment
Flocculation and Coagulation
1. Flocculation requires a mix: From slow and low energy type.
2. Coagulation is: The removal of electric charges, the effect of a reagent.
Decantation
3. The performance of a decanter: Is less the greater the upward speed.
4. Colloids: Influence the turbidity and water color.
5. In a circular static decanter, large sludge scrapers lead to: The central zone.
6. In a pulsed bed decanter: (Missing information, cannot be completed)
Read MoreDisease Treatment: Chemotherapy, Antibiotics, Surgery & Transplants
Disease Treatment
5.1 Drug Use: Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy involves using chemicals and drugs to combat diseases. These chemicals are used to prevent and combat diseases:
- Disinfectants: Substances used to destroy microorganisms on objects (e.g., alcohol, bleach).
- Antiseptics: Eliminate microorganisms on living tissue to prevent infection (e.g., alcohol, hydrogen peroxide).
- Antibiotics: Chemicals that destroy or stop the growth of microorganisms. They are of two types:
- Bactericides (kill microorganisms,
Cell Division, Genetics, and DNA: Key Concepts
Key Concepts in Cell Division
– Structure that holds two chromatids together is:
b) Centromere
– In multicellular organisms, mitosis results in:
b) Growth and repair of tissues
Each of the two duplicated strands of a chromosome is called a:
a) Chromatid
What is the role of the spindle during mitosis?
a) The spindle fibers help to push and pull the chromosomes to separate them.
All of the following are problems that are faced by a cell that is growing too large, EXCEPT:
d) Too much oxygen entering the cell.
Read MoreHormones, Nervous System, and Brain Functions
Hormonal Regulation of Blood Glucose
Insulin: Released when blood glucose levels are high.
Glucagon: Released when blood glucose levels are low, stimulating the liver to release glucose, thus increasing blood glucose levels.
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
Function: Inhibits urine production by promoting water reabsorption by the kidneys. In large amounts, it causes vasoconstriction of arterioles, leading to increased blood pressure.
Production: Produced by the hypothalamus.
Female Reproductive Hormones
Estrogens:
Read MorePlant Secretory Structures: Types, Mechanisms, and Functions
Plant Secretory Structures
Secretory Structures: These structures are involved in plant metabolism and plant-environment interactions. They are based on the type of shock and the type of secretion secreted. Functions include:
- Production of compounds (cellulose, callose)
- Disposal of surplus (glands eliminate excess salt or water)
- Accumulation of substances (mineral salts in the form of crystals)
- Attraction of pollinators (nectar)
- Protection against herbivorous animals (defensive hairs)
Secreted Substances:
Read MoreBody Defenses, Health, and Illness: Prevention & Treatment
Body Defenses Against Illness
External Defenses: Non-specific reactions to all microorganisms. There are three types:
Physical Defenses
Separate the body’s interior from the environment. Skin covers the outside, and mucous membranes line digestive, respiratory, and reproductive cavities.
Chemical Defenses
Pathogen-blocking secretions.
Biological Defenses
Bacterial flora on skin and mucous membranes produce natural antibiotics, protecting against other pathogens.
Internal Defenses
Activated when pathogens
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