Medical Equipment: LINAC, CPB Circuit, and Hemodialysis
Radiotherapy: Linear Accelerator (LINAC) for External Photon Radiation Therapy
A Linear Accelerator (LINAC) is used for external photon radiation therapy. Here’s a breakdown of its key components:
- Magnetron (Klystron): Accelerates electrons created in the electron gun by generating electromagnetic waves. These waves are directed towards the waveguide system.
- Waveguide System (Accelerator Tube): A long, tubular structure where electrons are accelerated. It receives electrons from the electron gun and
Understanding Food Chains and Biogeochemical Cycles
Chain: An object consisting of a series of links.
Trophic: Directly related to food.
Food: Any substance (solid or liquid) usually ingested by living organisms for nutritional and psychological purposes.
What is a Food Chain?
Food chain comes from the Greek word throphe, meaning food. It is the process of energy transfer through a range of organisms.
Definition of a food chain: A food chain is the process of transferring food energy through a series of organisms, in which each feeds on the preceding
Read MorePlant Biology: From Algae to Angiosperms
Chlorophytes: Green Algae
Chlorophytes are commonly known as green algae. They exhibit diverse thallus structures.
Corm and Epidermal Tissue
Epidermal tissues are the ground tissues covered with pores called stomata. The need for plants to grow upward necessitated the existence of a resilient stem or trunk to withstand their own weight.
Parts of the Leaves
- Petiole: Supports and connects the leaf to the branch.
- Lamina: The upper side of the blade is called the obverse, and the underside is the reverse.
Psychoactive Drugs: Effects on the Nervous System
In the nervous system, psychoactive drugs can significantly alter brain function.
CNS Depressants
CNS Depressants slow down the functioning of the brain, leading to a numbing effect. Examples include alcohol and tranquilizers.
Stimulants
Stimulants accelerate brain function.
- Major Stimulants: Cocaine base, cocaine, and amphetamines.
- Minor Stimulants: Nicotine and caffeine.
Hallucinogens
Hallucinogens alter cerebral operation, causing perceptual distortions. Examples include marijuana, LSD, and ecstasy.
Action
Read MoreMicrobial Genetics: DNA Replication, Gene Expression, and Mutations
Microbial Genetics
DNA contains thymine, while RNA contains uracil.
DNA is the genetic material in all cellular organisms. Its structure includes:
- The nucleotide, the building block of DNA, consisting of:
- Phosphate
- Deoxyribose sugar
- Nitrogenous base
- Pyrimidine
- Purine
Genetics is the study of inheritance in living things, how traits are passed on.
- Cells must be able to self-replicate.
- Information must be duplicated and transmitted to each daughter cell.
- Levels and structure:
- Genome: The entire cell’s genetic
Sponges and Coelenterates: Characteristics and Classification
Characteristics of Sponges
There are some 5,000 species of sponges. These multicellular animals are aquatic, primarily marine, and come in different colors, ranging from 1 to 200 cm in size. They often exhibit cup or glass-like shapes. Bath sponges are derived from the spongin skeletons of certain species.
In a vertical section of a sponge, different organized cells can be observed:
- Flagellated cells are present inside.
- Epithelial cells line the outer surface.
- Central amoeboid cells exist, which perform