Intestinal Health and Nutrition in Critical Illness
Bacterial Translocation in Critical Illness
The intestinal barrier function relies on an intact mucus layer, lymphocytes and macrophages in the submucosa, Peyer’s patches, and IgA produced by the intestine. In critically ill patients, there is often decreased perfusion and oxygenation of the intestine. Thus, short periods of circulatory compromise may result in prolonged ischemia and hypoxia, causing cell damage, necrosis, loss of mucosal integrity, and barrier function loss, especially if associated
Read MoreCellular Structures: Nucleus, Golgi, Lysosomes, Mitochondria, and Chloroplasts
Core Structure and Composition of the Interphase Nucleus
- Nuclear envelope
- Chromatin
- Nucleolus
- Nucleoplasm
Note: The term “Nucleo ///////// mitotic” seems out of context and may be a typo or error.
Golgi Complex Functions
- Modifies proteins synthesized in the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER).
- Involved in the transport and secretion of proteins and lipids.
- Participates in the formation of the plant cell wall and glycocalyx in animal cells.
- Related to the transit of lipids in the sweat glands.
- Plays a role in
Human Development: From Conception to Infancy
Cephalocaudal and Proximodistal Principles
Cephalocaudal principle
Head to tail
Development proceeds from the head to the trunk.
Proximodistal principle
Near to far
Development proceeds from the center of the body out.
Prenatal Development Stages
GERMINAL STAGE
Fertilization to 2 weeks
Zygote divides, becomes more complex
Moves through fallopian tube to uterus
Now a blastocyst
Implants into uterine wall around 6th day
Three layers of cells cluster:
- Ectoderm
Skin, nails, hair, teeth, sensory organs, nervous system - Endoderm
Digestive
Fungal Infections: Types, Symptoms, and Causes
Superficial Fungal Infections
- Above the skin (cosmetic infections).
- No pathological problems.
- Example 1: Pityriasis Versicolor (paño blanco): A fungus that reproduces over the skin surface, changing the skin pigment. It is most noticeable when exposed to sunlight. It can cause dandruff (caspa). Fungus species: Malassezia furfur.
- Example 2: Tineas: Black to white spots on the body (foot: plantaris, hands: palmaris). Fungus species: Hortaea werneckii.
- Example 3: White and Black Piedra: Nodules in the
Nervous and Endocrine Systems: Functions and Components
The Neuron: Signal Transmission
Neurons receive and transmit signals via nerve impulses. These impulses travel along the neuron’s plasma membrane in one direction. The process begins at the dendrites with electrical waves, continues through the neuron, and reaches the axon. The synapse, a buffer zone between the axon’s terminal branches, facilitates signal transmission using chemical neurotransmitters.
Brain Structure and Function
Brain: The outermost layer, the cerebral cortex, exhibits gray folds
Egg Preservation Methods and Quality Assessment
Egg Alterations Caused by Microorganisms
- White rot: Caused by coliforms and Micrococcus.
- Red putrefaction: Caused by Pseudomonas.
- Green putrefaction: Caused by a Bacillus that produces pyocyanin.
- Black rot: Caused by melanogenic Proteus.
- Mold growth on the shell: Following the existing humidity in the storage premises, mottled greenish spots of a more or less mucous consistency arise.
- Fungus growth inside the egg: In the area of the colonies, the clear is greenish if the contaminant is Aspergillus, blue