Human Body Systems: Anatomy and Physiology for Performance
Skeletal System Functions
Protects the body’s organs: Ribs and sternum protect the heart and lungs; the cranium protects the brain; the pelvis protects the intestines.
Allows movement: Movement is achieved through the use of joints and muscle attachment. Without the ability to use our muscles for movement, sports would be impossible to play.
Helps formation of blood cells: Platelets, red blood cells, and most white blood cells are produced in the bone marrow.
Stores minerals: Bones store calcium and
Specialized Diets and Clinical Nutritional Interventions
Isolation Diet
The Isolation Diet is a monotonous diet, low in bacteria, indicated for patients with immunosuppression or hematologic malignancies. It often leads to suboptimal nutrient intake, aggravated by factors such as prolonged hospital stays, physical isolation, discomfort associated with chemotherapy treatment, and depression. This diet consists of cooked or pasteurized foods with minimal handling during preparation. It strictly excludes raw foods, including vegetables and unpeeled fruits.
Read MoreEvolutionary Evidence & Theories: Understanding Life’s History
Modern Hypotheses on Life’s Origin
One of the possible locations where living organisms could have originated are deep-sea hydrothermal vents. According to some scientists, these places release inorganic matter, which, along with water and carbon dioxide, formed the first complex molecules. The energy needed for this process could have come from the oxidation of reducing agents.
According to this hypothesis, two possible mechanisms could have led to the formation of the first cell:
- Self-replication
- Metabolism
Compelling
Read MoreGene Regulation and Transcription Mechanisms
1B) Promoter Mapping
Hypothesis: The promoter is upstream from the TSS (Transcription Start Site).
Reagents/Assays:
First, clone β-globin & cDNA. Then, identify the TSS by comparing the cDNA and gene sequence of the DNA. The promoter is then mutated one base at a time using PCR site-directed mutagenesis, creating approximately 250 mutated DNAs. Transfect eukaryotic cells with the promoter and measure the transcriptional activity of a reporter gene via mRNA or protein activity.
Valleys observed
Human Digestion & Biomolecules: Essential Biology
Macromolecules and Their Functions
| Molecule | Monomer | Function | Elements |
|---|---|---|---|
| Carbohydrate | Glucose | Provides energy | C, H, O |
| Protein | Amino acids |
| C, H, O, N, S |
| Lipid | Fatty acids, Glycerol |
| C, H, O |
The Human Digestive System
Mouth
Saliva moistens food and contains the enzyme *amylase*, which begins starch breakdown.
Esophagus
Transports chewed food to the stomach.
Stomach
Food is held here for several hours, where initial protein digestion occurs. The
Read MoreTransgenic Plants: Methods, Applications, and Examples
Understanding Transgenic Plants: Creation & Impact
A transgenic plant is a modified organism where genes are transferred from one organism to another through genetic engineering techniques. The primary purpose of producing a transgenic plant is to obtain a species that possesses ideal traits, high yield, and enhanced quality.
Methods for Gene Transfer in Plants
Two primary methods are used to transfer genes into plants:
Agrobacterium-Mediated Gene Transfer
Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a plant pathogen