Animal and Human Digestive System Structures
Nutrition: Different Structures
- Snakes: They have a specialized adaptation of their oral equipment. Their fangs are hollow and connected to the venom gland, a modified salivary gland. The poison is used to immobilize prey.
- Butterflies: They have highly specialized mouthparts that enable them to extract nectar from flowers.
- Sharks: Their teeth grow continuously. As teeth are worn, new rows form.
- Hippos: They spend all day in the water, gathered in groups of up to 150 individuals, and disperse to feed
Cellular Nutrition: Processes, Types, and Metabolism
Cellular nutrition consists of all the processes in which cells obtain matter and energy to perform their vital functions. Cells need energy to carry out their activities and matter to build their components.
Substance Interchange
- Osmosis: This is the normal way of interchanging water. Water passes through the cell membrane from a less concentrated solution to a more concentrated one, separated by a semi-permeable membrane, such as the plasmatic membrane of cells, which allows its passage but not
Human Nervous and Endocrine Systems: A Comprehensive Study
Coordination Systems
Receiver: It perceives structures capable of receiving stimuli and transmitting them to the nerve centers. Any stimulus is called a change, both from the exterior and the interior of the body, capable of eliciting a response from the organism.
Nerve Centers: It is the organ in charge of receiving the information that the receptors collect, processing it, drawing up, and transmitting the appropriate responses to the effector organs.
Effectors: It is the organ in charge of carrying
Read MoreLevels of Organization in Living Matter: Molecular to Cellular
Molecular Level
It includes the molecules, formed by the group of atoms (bioelements). The organic molecules are referred to as biomolecules or immediate principles. These principles can be immediately divided into two categories: inorganic (water, minerals, ions, gases) and organic (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids).
At this level, we also group the macromolecules and viruses. The first result from the union of monomers (amino acids, nucleotides, etc.), and the second is the binding
Read MoreNervous and Endocrine Systems: Functions and Disorders
The Peripheral Nervous System
The peripheral nervous system is the part of the nervous system outside the brain and the spinal cord. It consists of both sensory and motor nerves. The nerves that connect with the brain, such as the optical, are called cranial nerves, and those that connect with the spinal cord, such as the sciatic nerve, are called spinal nerves.
The peripheral nervous system has two major parts:
- The somatic nervous system transmits information to the skeletal muscles and is responsible
Nervous System: Sensory Modalities and Receptor Functions
Information and Directions
The nervous system functions through physical contact between cells, neural circuits, and specialized areas that receive information. These areas are responsible for detecting environmental stimuli.
Law of Specific Nerve Energy: Each receptor is specific to a sensory modality and transmits an action potential via a specific nerve fiber to a particular area of the nervous system.
- Effectors: Output systems (endocrine system, muscles, etc.).
- Senses: Mechanisms for information