Photosynthesis: Light Energy to Chemical Transformation
Photosynthesis: Transforming Light into Chemical Energy
Photosynthesis, occurring within chloroplasts, is the transformation of light energy into chemical energy. This energy is used to produce organic matter from inorganic substances. It’s essentially the reverse of respiration and is a constructive process.
Solar energy is absorbed by photosynthetic pigments in chloroplasts and used for the synthesis of ATP and glucose from CO2 and H2O. In mitochondria, the released energy is stored in the form
Somatic vs Germ Cells: Understanding Cell Division
Somatic Cells and Germ Cells
Somatic cells: These cells make up the body tissues of a living organism. They divide by mitosis and always have two sets of chromosomes or genetic material (2n), making them diploid.
Germ cells: These cells merge with another cell to form a new sexual being. They divide by meiosis and only have one set of chromosomes (n), making them haploid cells.
Haploid and Diploid Cells
Number of chromosomes:
- Haploid: Contains half the normal number of chromosomes (23).
- Diploid: Contains
Blood Composition, Functions, and Vessels: A Detailed Look
Blood: Composition and Functions
Blood is a viscous, salty-tasting liquid that circulates within the circulatory system. The average human body contains approximately 5.5 liters of blood.
Key Features of Blood
- Carries nutrients and oxygen to all cells.
- Collects waste products from cell metabolism.
- Plays a crucial role in defending the body against infection.
- Transports hormones, which are essential for controlling bodily functions.
- Participates in regulating body temperature by distributing heat from warmer
Plant Biology: Nutrition, Transport, and Gas Exchange
Plant Biology
Nutrition, Transport, and Gas Exchange
1. Introduction
Plants perform essential processes such as nutrient uptake, food digestion, gas exchange, transport, metabolism, and excretion. This document will explore these processes in detail.
2. Plant Structure and Function
Plants, such as algae and cormophytes, have specialized structures for different functions. Cormophytes possess leaves for photosynthesis, stems for support and circulation (xylem and phloem), and roots for water and nutrient
Read MoreProteins, Nucleic Acids, and Biological Dogma Explained
Protein Functions
- Structural: Proteins are essential components of cells and tissues, supporting growth, repair, and maintenance.
- Contractile: Proteins like actin and myosin are crucial for muscle cell contraction.
- Transportation: Proteins transport substances throughout the body. For example, hemoglobin carries oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2).
- Reception: Proteins on the cell surface detect and respond to stimuli.
- Catalytic: Enzymes, which are mostly proteins, regulate the speed of chemical reactions,
Human Body Composition and Cellular Structure
1. Levels of Organization in the Human Body
The human body is composed of several elements grouped into different levels of organization:
- Atoms: Chemical elements forming the molecules of living beings.
- Molecules: Components from which cells produce their structures.
- Cells: The basic unit of human life.
- Tissues: Sets of specialized cells working together to perform a specific function.
- Organs: Formed by different tissues and have a specific function.
- Systems: Associations of organs working together to