Photosynthesis: How Plants Power Life
Foundations of Life’s Energy
Life on Earth fundamentally relies on two critical elements: the sun and the process of photosynthesis.
Capturing Solar Energy
For photosynthesis to occur, autotrophs (organisms that produce their own food) must capture light energy directly from the sun.
How Sunlight Reaches Earth
Energy travels from the sun to Earth primarily in the form of light.
The Colors of Sunlight
Although the sun’s light appears white, it is composed of various wavelengths, visible as the colors of
Read MoreUrinary Catheter Systems: Components, Types, and Patient Care
Understanding Urine Drainage Systems
A urine drainage system is meticulously designed to prevent germs from the environment from entering the urinary tract, thereby significantly reducing the risk of urinary tract infections (UTIs). This essential system typically comprises three main components:
- Catheterization
- Drainage Tube
- Urine Collection System
Components of a Urine Drainage System
Catheterization: Probes and Their Types
Catheterization involves the insertion of a tube, known as a catheter or probe,
Read MoreCarbohydrates: Structure, Classification, and Biological Roles
Carbohydrates are biomolecules composed of one or more chains formed by carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Many sugars are sweet.
Classification of Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides
Monosaccharides are carbohydrates made of a single chain that typically contain between 3 and 7 carbon atoms. They are named by adding the suffix ‘-ose’, such as:
- Trioses
- Pentoses
- Hexoses
- Heptoses
Physical Properties
- Solid, white, crystalline.
- Water-soluble and sweet.
- Their solubility is due to the high polarity of their hydrogen and hydroxyl
Human Body Systems: Nutrition, Digestion, and Respiration
Understanding Nutrition and Its Essentials
Nutrition is the set of processes by which an organism obtains the necessary material and energy to produce its own substances and perform vital functions. It is an involuntary process involving various systems.
Food refers to the substances consumed by living organisms to obtain necessary nutrients. While nutrition is an involuntary process, the act of consuming food is conscious and voluntary.
Types of Nutrients
- Inorganic Nutrients: These can come from both
Transient Tachypnea of the Newborn: Causes, Symptoms, and Management
Transient Tachypnea of the Newborn (TTN)
Anatomical Alterations of the Lungs in TTN
- Excessive bronchial secretions and incomplete absorption of pulmonary fetal fluid
- Air trapping and alveolar hyperinflation
- Decreased fluid removal by pulmonary lymphatics
- Pulmonary capillary congestion
- Interstitial edema
- Compressed bronchial airways from excessive alveolar capillary interstitial fluid
Etiology of Transient Tachypnea of the Newborn
TTN affects 1 to 2 percent of all newborns. Classically, TTN is most often
Read MoreHuman Body Systems: Nerves, Senses, and Coordination
Body Coordination: Nervous System & Senses
Interaction and Coordination
The nervous system interacts with both internal and external environments, enabling the body to detect changes and provide appropriate responses.
The Basic Pathway of a Response
- Stimulus: An external or internal change.
- Receptors: Detect the stimulus and convert it into an electrical impulse.
- Central Nervous System (CNS): Processes the impulse.
- Responses:
- Muscle Effector: Leads to a motor response (movement).
- Gland Effector: Leads