Understanding Sensation, Perception, and Sensory Processes
Sensation: The process by which sensory receptors capture, transduce, and transmit information to the brain.
Attention: The process by which individuals select certain stimuli.
Perception: The cognitive process by which individuals shape sensitive information into meaningful objects.
The Basic Processes:
- Receptor Cells: Specialized cells that respond to a particular type of energy (e.g., auditory, touch, smell, taste).
- Doctrines of Specific Nerve Energies: A one-to-one relationship between the stimulation
Interleukins: Functions and Types
- IL-1: Produced by macrophages and epithelial cells, it induces an acute phase response and activation and recognition by T cells and macrophages where the immune response develops. It works with TNF in innate immunity and inflammation.
- IL-2: Produced by Th1 cells, it stimulates the growth and differentiation of the T-lymphocyte response.
- IL-3: Produced by Th2 lymphocytes, it stimulates stem cells from bone marrow.
- IL-4: Related to the proliferation of B cells, mast cells, and T lymphocytes. It has
Molecular Diagrams: Amino Acids, Glucose, Ribose & Fatty Acids
Molecular Diagrams of Key Biochemicals
Drawing Molecular Diagrams
Skill: Drawing molecular diagrams of glucose, ribose, a saturated fatty acid, and a generalized amino acid.
Amino Acid
- Composed of an amine (NH2) group, a carboxyl (COOH) group, and an R group.
- 20 amino acids exist that compose all proteins.
- Each amino acid differs because the R groups are different.
Glucose
- Is a reducing sugar that contains C6H12O6.
- Most commonly found in a ringed structure and is the main product formed by photosynthesis.
Common Health Conditions: BPH, Cervical Cancer, AIDS & Pregnancy
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)
Benign prostatic hyperplasia is a condition that causes thickening of the prostate gland, consequently narrowing the urethra. This process, which has a high incidence and prevalence, affects males starting around age 50 and can cause alterations in urination.
Cervical Cancer
Cervical cancer is an HPV-related cancer (human papillomavirus). It typically has a slow onset.
AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome)
AIDS is acquired immunodeficiency syndrome caused by the
Read MoreEcology: Population, Ecosystems, and Trophic Structure
ITEM 4. Population Level and Ecology
4.1. Key Concepts
- Species: A set of individuals with similar morphological appearance, sharing the same anatomical and physiological characteristics, capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring.
- Population: A group of organisms of the same species inhabiting the same space and time.
- Community: A set of populations living in a common environment, characterized by interrelationships between them.
4.2. Ecosystems: Biotic and Abiotic Factors
An ecosystem is
Read MoreProkaryotic and Eukaryotic Gene Regulation Mechanisms
Gene Regulation: Operons and DNA-Binding Motifs
Repressors are usually near the promoter. Regulation by a repressor that blocks protein transcription is called negative regulation. Activators, contrary to repressors, potentiate the activity of RNA polymerase at the promoter; this is upregulation. Adjacent promoters are common.
An operon is defined as the group of genes and the promoter that act together in regulation. The lactose operon (Lac) is subject to negative regulation. In the absence of lactose,
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