Endocrine and Musculoskeletal Systems: Functions and Disorders
Endocrine System
Endocrine system: Produces and responds to stimulation by producing hormones. These hormones are transported by the blood to all the cells in the body. Each hormone only affects its target cells, which have receptors for that specific hormone.
Hormones: Connect to a receptor and send information. This information causes chemical reactions inside the cell that produce a response.
Relationship of Nervous and Endocrine Systems
The hypothalamus, a gland located on top of the brain stem,
Read MoreCellular Biology and Biochemistry: Essential Concepts
Affinity
An attraction. What has the highest affinity for electrons? Electron carrier, then protein, then oxygen.
Capsule
Found on some bacteria that can live out in nature.
Autotrophs
Make their own food.
CO2 Sink
Plants are considered this because they use CO2 and turn it into sugar.
What Makes up Hydrogen?
1 proton and 1 electron.
Fluorescent Microscope
Specimen stained with auramine O.
Why Would You Use a Fluorescent Microscope?
To tag a particular part of the cytoskeleton.
Scanning Microscope
Shows an image
Read MoreCirculatory and Excretory Systems in Vertebrates
Circulatory Systems in Vertebrates
Simple Circulation
In fish, the circulatory system is simple. They have a heart with a curved shape that receives venous blood from the body. This heart consists of one atrium and a very muscular ventricle. Blood leaves the heart through arteries towards the afferent branchial arteries.
Double Circulation
In pulmonate vertebrates, the heart works as a double pump system with two circuits:
- Pulmonary Circuit: Blood leaves the heart through the pulmonary arteries and goes
4 Key Differences Between Living and Non-Living Organisms
Living Organisms (LO) are Very Well Organized
An animal or plant is a complex organism, constituted by different parts. Each part is specialized in a different role for the LO to obtain nutrients from the external environment. This is used for growth and conservation.
LOs as Individuals
By this function, they are capable of engendering new beings resembling the original. A single-celled LO is constituted by one type of molecule, such as carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins, etc.
Schematic Organization of
Read MoreUnderstanding Health, Disease, and Medical Research
Patent Law and Its Impact on Pharmaceuticals
In 1992, every product sold became protected by patent law for 20 years. This measure, intended to encourage innovation in laboratories, has implications for the pricing of drugs.
Personal Lifestyle: A Cornerstone of Health
Exercise plays a vital role in strengthening the heart. Avoiding harmful substances is crucial for overall well-being. Alcohol, a depressant, is linked to various health issues, including pancreatic cancer. Stimulants like cocaine and
Read MoreDNA Replication, Meiosis, Endocytosis & Exocytosis
DNA Replication
In Prokaryotic Cells
There is one place of origin of replication, shown in the replication fork, and the advance of the copy is noted. The fork indicates that we are making the separation and replication at a time. The advance is bidirectional, which shortens the time. Where replication begins, proteins are organized in a complex called a replisome. DNA replication in prokaryotes occurs at a rate of 500 nucleotides per second.
In Eukaryotic Cells
The process is essentially the same,