Cellular Respiration: ATP Production and Energy Release
Cell Respiration: ATP Production and Energy Release
Understanding Cell Respiration
Cell respiration is the controlled release of energy from organic compounds to produce ATP.
- Organic compounds from the food we eat, such as glucose, contain stored energy within their covalent bonds.
- All living organisms carry out cell respiration in order to convert stored energy into a form that can be used by the cell.
- When organic molecules are broken down, the energy released is eventually stored in a high-energy
Cell Structures: Organelles, Bacteria, Viruses, and Fungi
Cell Structures and Components
Nuclear membrane: A double membrane that surrounds the nucleus of the cell. It contains small pores that allow communication between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.
Chromosomes: Immersed in the nuclear fluid, they become visible only when the cell begins to divide. Chromosomes are carriers of genes, the factors responsible for the transmission of hereditary traits. Their number varies across different cell types and species. Generally shaped like elongated filaments,
Read MoreGenetics: Key Concepts, DNA, and Genetic Disorders
Genetics: Key Concepts and Applications
The physical location of a gene on a chromosome is the locus.
Different versions of a given gene are called alleles.
A combination of alleles is known as a genotype.
The physical trait caused by a combination of alleles is known as a phenotype.
What is the sequence of nucleotides in the complementary strand of DNA that will match the following strand of DNA? ATGATAGCC? TACTATCGG
The presence of a widow’s peak is controlled by a dominant allele (P), while the absence
Read MoreUnderstanding Key Concepts in Bioenergetics and Metabolism
ATP Synthase: A membrane-embedded protein complex that regenerates ATP from ADP with energy from protons diffusing through it.
ATP: The cell’s energy currency.
Acetyl CoA: The combination of an acetyl group derived from pyruvic acid and coenzyme A, which is made from pantothenic acid (a B-group vitamin).
Activation Energy: The amount of initial energy necessary for reactions to occur.
Active Site: A specific region on the enzyme where the substrate binds.
Allosteric Inhibition: The mechanism for inhibiting
Read MoreCell Membrane Structure and Function: A Comprehensive Review
Cell Membrane Structure: The Fluid Mosaic Model
Singer and Nicholson proposed the fluid mosaic model in 1972.
Under an electron microscope, the plasma membrane appears as two dark bands separated by a clear layer.
- The membrane is not rigid but fluid.
- The membrane is a fluid mosaic where the lipid bilayer cements the network. Proteins are embedded within or interact with each other. Both lipids are amphipathic substances.
- Both proteins and lipids can move laterally.
- Lipids and integral proteins are arranged
Microsurgery, Antimicrobial Therapy, and Laser Principles
Microsurgery Defined
Microsurgery is defined as a refinement in operative technique by which visual acuity is enhanced with the surgical operating microscope.
Microsurgery vs. Macrosurgery
The difference between microsurgery and macrosurgery is: In macrosurgery, hand movements are guided proprioceptively, whereas in microsurgery, they are guided visually.
Microsurgery: Advantages and Disadvantages
Advantages
- Less tissue trauma
- Less morbidity
- Less patient anxiety
- Atraumatic tissue manipulation
- Accurate primary