Kidney Function and Urine Composition
Definitions:
- Bulk Filtration: A non-specific process during which most constituents in the blood plasma, except red blood cells and proteins, pass from the glomerulus into the lumen of Bowman’s capsule.
- Ultrafiltrate: Similar in composition to blood plasma, it’s a product of membrane filtration where forces like pressure or concentration gradients cause separation through a semipermeable membrane.
- Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH): A small peptide molecule released by the pituitary gland. Synthesized in the
Hanging and Strangulation: Forensic Analysis and Medico-Legal Aspects
Hanging and Strangulation: Forensic Analysis
Cartilage and Vascular Rupture
Vascular rupture resulting from osteo-cartilaginous lesions, extracervical intravital internal suspension, hemorrhagic infiltrations, localized lumbar discs, and signs of vital reaction are significant findings.
Medico-Legal Issues
Two primary medico-legal issues arise: determining the cause of death and establishing the etiology.
Cause of Death
Lesions can indicate hanging. Hemorrhagic infiltration of various lesions is an important
Read MoreNervous System Cells: Neurons and Glia
The nervous system consists of two distinct cell types: neurons and glial cells. These cells differ morphologically and functionally.
Neurons
Neurons are responsible for conducting nerve impulses. They are highly specialized and cannot regenerate. Neurons transmit information to the dendrites of other neurons via their axons. Communication between neurons occurs at junctions called synapses. At the synapse, the axon terminals of one neuron release substances called neurotransmitters, which interact
Read MoreAnthropometry, Physiology, and Nutrition
Anthropometric Measurements
Frankfort Plane
It is incorrect to state that the eye must be parallel to the pinna when measuring the height of the Frankfort plane.
Skinfold Measurements
Skinfold measurements, as described by Durnin and Womersley, include:
- Triceps
- Biceps
- Subscapular
- Suprailiac
- Sural
For the subscapular skinfold, the most prominent point should be marked. For the medial calf, the knee should be at 90°.
Circumference Measurements
Hip circumference should be measured at the most prominent level
Read MoreMetazoan, Plant, and Tissue Classification: A Concise Overview
Metazoans, Plants, and Epithelial Tissue Classification
Metazoans (Vertebrates):
- Fish:
- Chondrichthyes (Cartilaginous skeleton, dermal denticles, heterocercal caudal fin, ventral mouth, no swim bladder, branchial arches, spiracles, e.g., shark)
- Osteichthyes (Bony skeleton, scales, homocercal caudal fin, swim bladder with operculum, e.g., sardine)
- Amphibians:
- Anura (Frogs)
- Urodeles (Salamanders)
- Reptiles:
- Chelonians (Turtles)
- Lizards
- Crocodilians
- Snakes
- Birds:
- Ratites (Ostrich)
- Gallinaceous (Chicken)
- Noctua (Hawk
Organic Molecules, Cells, and Cellular Structures
Organic Molecules
Organic molecules are those consisting essentially of carbon atoms linked by covalent bonds.
- Fabrics: Clusters of specialized cells that perform the same function and have one origin.
- Organs: The structural and functional units of higher living beings. They consist of several different tissues and perform a specific action.
- Systems: Clusters of similar bodies that perform independent actions. For example, the nervous system, bone, muscle, or endocrine system.
- Apparatus: Sets of organs