Human Reproductive System: Core Concepts
Human Reproduction: Core Concepts
The zygote is the first cell of a new living organism. The genetic material of this cell results from the combination of genetic material from the sperm and the egg.
The placenta links the mother’s circulatory system to the embryo’s, extending within the umbilical cord. It is a selective barrier that prevents the two bloods from mixing together, but which allows nutrients to be transferred from the mother’s blood to the embryo’s blood, and waste substances to be transferred
Read MoreHuman Body Systems: Anatomy and Functions Explained
The Circulatory System: Heart, Blood Vessels, and Blood
The circulatory system is the body’s vital transport network, powered by the heart.
The Heart: Engine of Circulation
The heart is the main organ of the circulatory system, acting as its ‘engine’. In humans, it is located in the mediastinum, in the middle of the chest. It is a hollow organ with strong, muscular walls, slightly larger than a clenched fist. The heart is divided by partitions into four chambers: two upper atria and two lower ventricles.
Read MoreHuman Body Systems: Functions, Organs, and Homeostasis
Human Body Systems and Homeostasis
This document provides a comprehensive look at the major human body systems and their vital role in maintaining homeostasis.
Muscular System
- Function: Movement, stability, posture, and heat production.
- Main Organs: Muscles, including skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles.
Skeletal muscles are attached to bones and facilitate movement. Smooth muscles are found in organs like the stomach and intestines, aiding internal movement. Cardiac muscle is unique to the heart,
Read MoreEnzyme Activity Control and Genetic Engineering Techniques
Enzyme Activity Regulation
Any substance that reduces the velocity of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction can be called an inhibitor. The inhibition of enzyme activity is one of the major regulatory mechanisms of the cell. It is of the following types:
Types of Enzyme Inhibition
Competitive Inhibition
Here, organic molecules compete with the substrate for binding at the active site of the enzyme. Such inhibitors show a close resemblance to the substrate of the enzyme. Instead of the enzyme-substrate complex,
Microbiology Fundamentals: Cells, Pathogens, and Immunity
General Microbiology Fundamentals
Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic: No nucleus (e.g., Bacteria, Archaea)
Eukaryotic: Possess a nucleus (e.g., Protists, Fungi, Plants, Animals)
Unicellular vs. Multicellular Organisms
Bacteria and Protists are unicellular; Fungi can be unicellular or multicellular; Plants and Animals are multicellular.
Modes of Nutrition
Autotrophs: Produce their own food (e.g., plants)
Heterotrophs: Consume other organisms (e.g., animals)
Decomposers: Break down dead organic matter
Biology Core Concepts: Respiration, Photosynthesis, Cell Division
Biology Chapter 4: Cellular Respiration & Energy
Question 1: How many molecules of ATP (or the equivalent) are produced per each turn of the Citric Acid Cycle?
Answer: One
Question 2: What process makes bread dough rise?
Answer: Fermentation
Question 3: Energy is stored long-term in the bonds of glucose and used short-term to perform work from an ATP molecule.
Answer: Glucose: ATP
Question 4: The energy currency used by cells is ______.
Answer: ATP
Question 5: Which of the following statements about