Plant Biology and Horticultural Practices
Vascular cambium is the lateral meristem in stems that produces xylem and phloem. Spongy mesophyll is a type of loosely organized tissue that allows for air exchange within the leaf. Commensalism is a symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits and the other is not harmed. A lenticel is a rough area on some stems that serves as a breathing pore for gas exchange. Photosynthesis is not a root function. A sugar beet is a modified root that has two functions: storage and propagation. Stomata
Read MoreCell Biology: Mitosis, Viruses, and Cellular Structures
Mitosis and Cell Division
Mitosis is the process of cell division that creates two identical daughter cells. It has 4 stages (PMAT):
- Prophase: Chromosomes form, nuclear membrane breaks down.
- Metaphase: Chromosomes line up in the middle.
- Anaphase: Sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite sides.
- Telophase: Nuclear membranes reform, chromosomes loosen.
Cytokinesis follows, splitting the cytoplasm into two cells.
Key Cell Biology Concepts
Here’s a concise summary of key cell biology concepts:
- Viruses:
Lymphatic System, Immunity, Heart, and Respiratory Functions
Lymphatic System Functions
The lymphatic system has several crucial functions:
- Production, maintenance, storage, and distribution of lymphocytes that protect against infections and environmental hazards.
- Maintenance of fluid balance.
- Absorption of liquids from the intestine and transportation to the blood.
- Collection and return of fluid that leaks from blood vessels.
- Absorption of fats and vitamins.
White Blood Cells (WBCs)
White Blood Cells in blood
T-Cells
T-Cells constitute 80% of lymphocytes. Types include:
Read MoreFungal Specimen Collection and Identification Techniques
Fungal Specimen Collection and Identification
Hairs: From scaly areas of alopecia, hairs should be pulled out with the root using sterile forceps and suspended in a sterile petri dish or tube.
Nails: Nail-infected samples are taken from under the nail to obtain subungual soft material. Fine nail fragments can be collected using a scalpel or scissors. Nail clippings can be isolated for dermatophyte or Candida identification.
Exudates: Disinfect the skin overlying the lesion. Pustular exudates should
Read MoreHuman Excretory and Endocrine Systems: Health and Diseases
Excretory System
The excretory system eliminates waste substances produced by the activity of the cells in our body.
Urinary Tract
The urinary tract is composed of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.
Kidneys
Kidneys are approximately 12cm in length and are located in the back of the abdominal cavity.
Features:
- Eliminate waste substances.
- Control the concentration of mineral ions and salts.
Each kidney is bean-shaped, covered by a layer of fat, and consists of a million nephrons.
Three zones can be
Read MoreGenetics, Evolution, and Biology: Key Concepts
Genetics and Inheritance Patterns
If most males (squares) in a pedigree are affected, the disorder is likely X-linked. If there’s a roughly 50/50 ratio between affected men and women, the disorder is likely autosomal. If a disorder is dominant, at least one parent must have the disorder. If a disorder is recessive, neither parent has to exhibit the trait.
Cell Division: Mitosis
Mitosis Stages:
- I (Interphase): Distinct nucleus, normal cell components.
- P (Prophase): Nuclear membrane breaks down, chromosomes