Transcription and Translation: Initiation & Termination
Translation Initiation
| How does translation begin? | Protein Synthesis | |
|---|---|---|
| Bacteria | Depends on the recognition of mRNA by ribosomes.
Because of multiple Shine-Dalgarno sequences, bacterial mRNA can be polycistronic (coding for more than one protein) while eukaryal mRNA is monocistronic. The Shine-Dalgarno sequence attaches |
Understanding the Human Nervous System
The nervous system relies on neurons to function. It comprises three interconnected systems:
- The Central Nervous System (CNS): Consists of the brain (cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem) and part of the spinal cord. Structurally protected by the skull and spine. The brain has three main structures: the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem. The brain lobes are often color-coded: pink for parietal, green for temporal, and blue for occipital. The visual cortex is located at the back of the brain.
- Peripheral
Understanding Ecology: Key Concepts and Adaptations
Ecology: Organisms and Their Environment
Ecology: The study of the interactions of organisms with each other and the environment.
Ecological Factors
Ecological factors: These are the characteristics of the environment that affect living things. They can be abiotic or biotic.
Limiting Factors
Limiting factor: The one that is closest to the value at which an organism cannot develop properly.
Adaptation
Adaptation: The evolutionary adaptation of organisms to a given environment. Eurioic agencies and organizations
Read MoreShapes, States, and Origins of the Universe
Shape of the Universe
The universe has three possible shapes, but it’s currently believed to be nearly flat. The shape depends on its density relative to a critical density:
- Closed Universe: If the density (k) is greater than the critical density, the universe is closed and finite, like a sphere.
- Hyperbolic Universe: If the density (k) is less than the critical density, the universe is open and infinite, like a saddle.
- Flat Universe: If the density (k) is equal to the critical density, the universe
Proteins and Enzymes: Structure, Function, and Types
Proteins
Proteins are CHON (Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen) unions formed by amino acids, which contain one amino group and one carboxyl group. They are the most abundant biomolecules, making up more than 50% of a cell’s dry weight. Ribosomes create proteins from genetic information. Amino acids forming proteins bind through peptide bonds, which can be broken by hydrolysis. The resulting structures are classified by size:
- Peptide: A few amino acids
- Oligopeptide: Fewer than 10 amino acids
- Polypeptide:
Implantable Medical Devices: Biofilms and Infections
Implantable Medical Devices
Implantable devices repair or replace structure or function that is defective or lost due to congenital imperfection, trauma, surgery, or disease. They are also used for local drug delivery. Devices are made of biomaterials, which must be biocompatible with host tissues. Biomaterials are preferable to tissues or organs from animal sources due to reduced risk of rejection and disease transmission. Examples include silicone elastomer, polyurethanes, Teflon®, Dacron®, titanium,
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