Understanding the Brain: Structure, Function, and Complexity
The Brain: A Complex System
V.1. The brain works; much of the complexity lies in the diversity of cerebral structural, functional, and molecular characterization of neurons, coupled with its spectacular plasticity, i.e., the ability of neuronal synapses to weave new networks because of their own brain activity. In this inner universe in constant activity, Ramón y Cajal saw “the mysterious butterflies of the soul, whose flapping wings, who knows if someday will clarify the secret of mental life.”
Read MoreHuman Evolution: Insights into Our Past and Future
Human Evolution: A Journey Through Time
How long have Homo sapiens been around?
Approximately 200,000 years.
How long does evolution take to change species?
Evolutionary changes typically require a significant amount of time.
When did the mutation that permits earthworms to survive happen?
More than 170 years ago.
How big is the difference between these earthworms and “normal” earthworms?
The difference is comparable to that between a human and a mouse, representing different species.
What drove the
Cellular Processes and Organelles: Transport and Functions
Cellular Processes and Organelles
Regular Golgi transit occurs through vesicles. It’s involved in intracellular synthesis and secretion of complex molecules. Additionally, it is responsible for the repair of the cell membrane. Degradative lysosomes have a digestive function, and mitochondrial respiration (aerobic) supplies most of the energy to the cell. The centrosome directs cell division. Glyoxysomes convert fat to carbohydrates. The glycocalyx includes sugars attached to proteins or lipids of
DNA, RNA, and Genetic Code: Understanding the Basics
Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA
Nucleic acids store and transmit genetic information. They are macromolecules formed by the junction of nucleotides (DNA and RNA).
Nucleotides
Nucleotides are composed of phosphoric acid, pentose, and a nitrogenous base (G, C, A, T, U).
DNA
- Molecule carrying genetic information
- Double helix, antiparallel and complementary
- Contains deoxyribose and thymine
- Can replicate (create identical copies of itself)
RNA
- Involved in the expression of information contained in DNA through protein
Understanding the Human Circulatory System
The Human Circulatory System
The circulatory system consists of a pump (the heart), a liquid (blood), and a series of ducts (blood vessels) through which blood is pumped throughout the body.
Composition of Blood
Blood is composed of a liquid part called plasma and different types of blood cells.
- Blood plasma: A yellowish liquid formed by water.
- Blood cells: Formed in the red bone marrow. There are three types:
- Red blood cells (erythrocytes or RBCs)
- White blood cells (leukocytes)
- Platelets (thrombocytes)
Essential Facts: Stem Cells, Diabetes, Malaria, and More
What are Stem Cells?
Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that have the potential to develop into many different cell types in the body.
The Pancreas and Insulin
What is the Pancreas?
The pancreas is an organ that produces digestive pancreatic juice and insulin.
What is Insulin?
Insulin is a hormone that regulates sugar levels in the blood. It helps to regulate glucose.
Type 2 Diabetes
Type 2 diabetes primarily affects adults. In this condition, cells become resistant to insulin.
Recombinant Insulin
Recombinant
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