Genetics, Evolution, and Biology: Key Concepts
Genetics and Inheritance Patterns
If most males (squares) in a pedigree are affected, the disorder is likely X-linked. If there’s a roughly 50/50 ratio between affected men and women, the disorder is likely autosomal. If a disorder is dominant, at least one parent must have the disorder. If a disorder is recessive, neither parent has to exhibit the trait.
Cell Division: Mitosis
Mitosis Stages:
- I (Interphase): Distinct nucleus, normal cell components.
- P (Prophase): Nuclear membrane breaks down, chromosomes
Urinary Tract Physiology and Common Issues
Physiology of the Urinary Tract
Urine is formed in the nephrons. The urinary tract is not involved in urine formation; it only stores the urine and facilitates its elimination. The kidney uses the following mechanisms:
1. Filtration
The first step in urine formation. Blood reaches the kidney capillaries, and plasma, along with small dissolved molecules like Na+, passes through the thin wall of Bowman’s capsule. Approximately 900 liters of plasma pass through the capillaries daily, with 180 liters
Read MoreUnderstanding the Human Body: Circulatory, Digestive, Urinary, and Respiratory Systems
The Human Body: An Overview of Key Systems
The human body functions through a complex network of interconnected systems. From the top of the head to the tips of the toes, a thick, reddish fluid called blood circulates, delivering essential substances. This journey occurs through a sophisticated system of vessels, varying in thickness, that permeate the entire body. The driving force behind this circulation is the heart, a tireless pump located near the center of the chest. These components, along
Read MoreUnderstanding Heart Attacks, Leukemia, Varicose Veins, and Anemia
Cardiac Infarction: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments
Myocardial infarction, commonly known as a heart attack, occurs when a blood clot (coronary thrombosis) blocks a narrowed artery, or due to a significant strain on the heart. Myocardial infarction usually develops over time. It’s often caused by atherosclerosis, a prolonged process that narrows the coronary arteries.
Symptoms of Myocardial Infarction
- Intense and prolonged chest pain, often described as intense pressure, which may spread to the arms
Endodontics: Rotary Instruments, Luxation, and MTA
Endodontic Materials and Procedures
Rotary Instruments: Protaper, K3, and G Pack
- Protaper: SX D0=0.19mm Taper=3.5-19%
- S1: D0=0.17mm Taper=2-11%
- S2: D0=0.20mm Taper=4-11.5%
- F1: D0=0.20mm D0-D3=7%
- F2: D0=0.25mm D0-D3=8%
- F3: D0=0.30 D0-D3=9%
- K3 (2002-McSpadden): Sizes:
- 0.02 taper: #15-45
- 0.04, 0.06: #15-60
- Lengths: 21, 25, 30 mm
Body Shapers
- Tapers: 0.08, 0.10, 0.12
- Tip: #25
- Length: 17, 21, 25mm
G Pack
Design features: Positive rake angle, 3 radial lands, relief on 2, Asymmetrically placed lands, unequal land width,
Read MoreGenetic Information Flow: Structure and Replication
The Flow of Genetic Information
2.1. The Structure of Classical Genes
Gene Definition: The basic unit of heredity and functionality. It is the physical region of a chromosome that carries genetic information from one generation to the next and determines the features of the body. It is responsible for much of the genetic variability.
- Molecular Definition: “One gene-one enzyme” hypothesis: A gene is responsible for the synthesis of an enzyme.
- One Gene-One Protein Hypothesis: The general principle is