Human Genetics: Traits, Alterations, and Analysis
THERE ARE FEW DESCENDANTS BY COUPLE: The laws of probability are more useful and effective when the population is large. The generation time is long: it takes a long time since an individual is born until they have descendants. You can not plan crosses: For ethical reasons, genetic experiments cannot be performed on humans. Cariogram: The karyotype of chromosome pairs ordered homólogos.El X chromosome carries genes for important biological characteristics, is present in women and in men. In women
Read MoreNutrition and Metabolism in Living Organisms
We say q is the flow of cyclic matter, but it loses energy, degrading to heat in the environment without apparently recovering it. The energy flow is unidirectional: solar energy is transformed by plants into chemical energy, and only about 10% of the stored energy is returned to the environment as heat. Only stored energy goes to the next trophic level.
ITEM 5. NUTRITION AND METABOLISM
5.1. Concept of Nutrition
Autotrophic and Heterotrophic Nutrition: This refers to the exchange of materials and energy
Read MoreCell Division: Mitosis and Meiosis
Cell Cycle Phases
G1 phase: A period of intense metabolic activity. The cell size increases, as do its cytoplasmic structures.
S or synthesis phase: The time when DNA replication occurs.
G2 phase: The period in which the cell prepares to enter division; e.g., chromatin begins to condense.
After phase two, cell division begins.
Example: Escherichia coli can divide roughly every 20 minutes, while human skin cells take about 15 days to divide.
Somatic vs. Sex Cells
Somatic cells: These cells have 46 chromosomes
Read MoreMetabolism, Photosynthesis, and Cellular Respiration
Key Definitions in Metabolism and Energy
Metabolism: The process by which your body converts what you eat and drink into energy.
Energy: The capacity for doing work. It may exist in potential, kinetic, thermal, electrical, chemical, nuclear, or other forms.
Chemical Energy: Energy stored in the bonds of chemical compounds. It may be released during a chemical reaction, often in the form of heat (exothermic reactions).
Potential Energy: Stored energy that depends upon the relative position of various
Read MoreCells: The Fundamental Units of Life
Living things are composed of minimal units called cells. All basic chemical and physiological functions—for example, repair, growth, movement, immunity, communication, and digestion—are carried out inside the cell. Depending on the number of cells that form them, living beings can be classified into unicellular and multicellular.
Unicellular Organisms
Unicellular organisms are those formed by a single cell. In this group, the most representative are protozoa, which can only be seen under a microscope.
Read MoreEssential Nutrients and Their Food Sources
Nutrients and Food
Feeding is the selection, preparation, and ingestion of food. It is a conscious and voluntary process.
Nutrition is a set of processes which include digestion (nutrients contained in these foods are extracted), absorption of nutrients (from the intestines to blood), use by cell metabolism to produce energy and matter, and egestion (to eliminate waste products through the excretory system). These are unconscious and involuntary processes.
Nutrient Types
Inorganic Nutrients:
- Water: