Human Body Systems: Nervous System and Neurons Explained
The Body’s Interaction Process
The human body constantly interacts with its internal and external environments to maintain stability and function. This complex process involves several key objectives:
- Adapting the body to changing conditions in both the internal and external environment.
- Connecting and coordinating different parts of our body to ensure they work together seamlessly.
Homeostasis: Maintaining Body Stability
Homeostatic processes are crucial for maintaining the body’s internal stability
Read MoreFood Microbiology Essentials: Safety, Preservation, Nutrition
What is Food Microbiology?
Food microbiology is the study of microorganisms (bacteria, yeasts, molds, and viruses) that grow in or contaminate food. It focuses on how microbes affect food safety, preservation, fermentation, and spoilage.
Significance of Food Microbiology
- Food Safety: Helps identify and control harmful microbes like Salmonella or E. coli.
- Food Preservation: Understands how to use methods like refrigeration or fermentation to control microbial growth.
- Food Production: Supports beneficial
Human Body Systems: Anatomy & Physiology Essentials
Chapter 17: The Special Senses
Olfaction (Sense of Smell)
- Receptors: Olfactory receptor cells in the nasal epithelium.
- Pathway: Odorants → Olfactory nerves → Olfactory bulb → Olfactory tract → Temporal Lobe.
- Adaptation: Rapid; sensitivity decreases quickly.
Gustation (Sense of Taste)
- Taste Buds: Located on papillae; contain gustatory receptor cells.
- Primary Tastes: Sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami.
- Pathway: Taste buds → Cranial Nerves VII, IX, X → Medulla → Thalamus → Gustatory Cortex.
Vision
- Eyeball
Biological Principles: Life Cycles, Reproduction, Evolution
Biological Processes and Concepts
Fungi Life Cycle
- Haploid (n): Single set of chromosomes.
- Plasmogamy: Haploid cells from two different mycelia fuse to form a heterokaryotic cell (two or more nuclei).
- Dikaryotic (n + n): Cell containing two distinct haploid nuclei.
- Karyogamy: The nuclei fuse to form a diploid (2n) zygote.
- Diploid (2n): Double set of chromosomes.
- Meiosis: Haploid (1n) spores are formed.
Plant Life Cycle
- Alternation of two generations.
- Two multicellular phases: haploid (n) and diploid (2n).
Human Reproductive System & Fetal Development Stages
Understanding Human Reproduction
Puberty
Puberty is a life stage in which the reproductive organs mature. It marks the onset of semen production in males and the beginning of menstruation in females.
Reproductive Organs (Genitalia)
The male and female genitalia are responsible for producing reproductive cells, enabling their meeting, and in the case of females, harboring the embryo.
Male Reproductive System
- Testes: These are two organs located in a pouch of skin called the scrotum. They are responsible
Human Nervous System & Sensory Organs Explained
The Human Nervous System & Sensory Organs
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) encompasses all parts of the nervous system located outside of the brain and spinal cord. It includes both cranial nerves (originating from the brain) and spinal nerves (originating from the spinal cord).
Functional Divisions of the Nervous System
The nervous system is broadly divided into several functional components:
Somatic Nervous System
The Somatic Nervous System receives information
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