Microscopes and Cellular Organization: Unveiling the Microscopic World
The Microscope
The Microscope: An optical instrument designed to observe extremely small objects, making them visible to the naked eye.
Cell Theory
In 1665, after observations with a compound microscope, it was indicated that cork plant material, apparently homogeneous, is composed of innumerable holes or cells that recalled a honeycomb. Since then, the term “cell” has been widely used. Soon after, Anthony van Leeuwenhoek, with the help of simple microscopes of his own construction, made a series of
Read MoreBiological Wastewater Treatment: Processes and Applications
Biological Treatment
Biological treatment processes (BTPs) involve the destruction and conversion of organic chemical and biological pollutants. Inorganic chemicals cannot be destroyed by biological treatment, but they can potentially be converted in valence or oxidative state into compounds that meet permit levels, or inorganic pollutants that can be stripped from organic compounds biologically. In biological treatments, organic or hydrocarbon food serves as an energy source, or electron donor,
Read MoreCell Biology: Comprehensive Review of Key Concepts
Key Concepts in Cell Biology
Water has hydrogen bonds that allow it to have special properties like cohesion (water molecules stick to each other), adhesion (water molecules stick to other surfaces), and surface tension.
Monomers form polymers via dehydration synthesis; in hydrolysis, polymers are broken down into monomers.
Nucleic acids are what make up DNA and RNA and hold a lot of genetic information. They are made up of nucleotides, which are composed of a deoxy/ribose, a phosphate, and a nitrogen
Read MoreIntentional Replantation: Indications, Contraindications, and Pathways
Intentional Replantation
Intentional replantation is indicated when there is no other treatment alternative to maintain a strategic tooth.
Indications
RCT cannot be performed conventionally:
- Calcifications
- Blockages
- The patient cannot open his/or her mouth sufficiently.
Treatment failures that cannot be retreated by conventional methods:
- Unusual anatomy.
- Canals that are blocked with broken instruments, crowns, ledges, or restorative materials such as posts; areas that are inaccessible.
Roots that have unmanageable
Read MoreUnderstanding Common Diseases, Drugs, and Their Effects
Diseases and Their Impact on Health
Diseases are functional or organic disorders that negatively affect human well-being.
Infectious Diseases
Infectious diseases are transmitted through infection. Transmission can occur through:
- Direct contact with infected individuals or contaminated objects.
- Inhaling water droplets or saliva containing germs.
- Consuming contaminated food or water.
- Insect vectors.
- Indirect contact.
The body has evolved defenses to prevent microorganism entry, including:
- Skin
- Mucous membranes
- Macrophages
These
Read MoreCardiopulmonary Bypass, ECG, Pacemakers, Kidney Filtration, and More
Heart-Lung Machine: Working Principle
A heart-lung machine, also known as a cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) machine, is a medical device used to temporarily take over the functions of the heart and lungs during surgery. It is essential for complex cardiac procedures that require the heart to be stopped.
Working Principle:
- Anticoagulation: The patient is given anticoagulant medication to prevent blood clots.
- Cardiotomy: A surgical incision is made in the right atrium, and a cannula is inserted to drain