Anatomical Landmarks: Skull, Foot, Skin, and Limb Regions
Anatomical Landmarks
Skull Features
- Trigeminal Impression: Shallow depression near the apex.
- Arcuate Eminence: Resides posterior to the trigeminal impression; raised by the anterior semicircular canal of the labyrinth.
- Tegmen Tympani: A thin plate located between the walls of the tympanic cavity. A purulent process can melt the bony plate and spread from the middle ear onto the brain meninges.
- Petrosquamous Fissure: Separates the anterior surface of the petrous part from the cerebral surface of the squamous
Common Digestive and Respiratory System Diseases
Common Digestive System Diseases
Gingivitis: Painful inflammation of the gums; they redden and bleed. It can be caused by cavities, vitamin deficiency, alcohol consumption, or oral infections.
Gastritis: Irritation of the gastric mucosa. Symptoms include acidity, stomach pain, and heartburn. Caused by irritants such as alcohol, tobacco, spicy foods, and some medications.
Ulcer: A wound caused by the destruction of the gastric mucosa. It is located in the stomach or duodenum. Symptoms: heartburn, acid
Cell Division: Mitosis, Meiosis, and Genetics Explained
Cell Division: Mitosis, Meiosis, and Genetics
1. What are the two types of cell division? There are two types of cell division: mitosis and meiosis. Most of the time when people refer to “cell division,” they mean mitosis, the process of making new body cells. Meiosis is the type of cell division that creates egg and sperm cells.
2. Be familiar with the stages of the cell cycle and what is occurring in each; be able to identify the stages. The phases in the reproduction and growth of a cell are
Read MoreAquatic Ecosystems: A Deep Dive
Symbiotic Relationships
Mutually beneficial relationships between two agencies often lead to total dependence between the two species. A common example is the relationship between a heterotrophic organism (like a human) and an autotrophic alga (which produces organic matter).
Aquatic Study Methods
Biotropica
Several measurements are essential for aquatic studies. At different depths, specialized tools like the Van Dorn or Niskin bottle are used for water sampling. Avoid mixing these samples with other
Read MoreEffective Microbial Growth Control: Methods and Prevention
Microbial Growth Control
Microbial death rate
Bacterial populations are at a constant log rate.
Effectiveness of Antimicrobial Treatment
- Number of microbes: An increase in microbes means it takes longer to eliminate the entire population.
- Environmental influences: The presence of organic matter inhibits the action of chemical antimicrobials. Microbes in surface biofilms are difficult for biocides to reach effectively due to temperature-dependent chemical reactions. Disinfectants sometimes work better
Understanding Drugs, Immunity, and Health: Key Concepts
Drugs and Health: Key Concepts
Drug-Related Issues
- Drug-Induced Disorders
- Routes of Drug Consumption: Injecting, snorting, drinking, smoking.
- Ketamine Availability: In India (as in Mexico and other countries where resources are scarce).
- Drug Use in Spain: Spain leads in cocaine consumption and ranks fourth in cannabis, amphetamines, and ecstasy use, with increasing consumption at a younger age. Many causes of mortality in Spain are linked to drugs, such as lung cancer (tobacco), traffic accidents (alcohol)