DNA Replication, Transcription, and Translation Explained
DNA Replication, Transcription, and Translation
Understandings:
The replication of DNA is semi-conservative and depends on complementary base pairing.
- Complementary base pairing ensures two identical DNA strands are formed after replication is complete.
- In replication, the original strands are used as templates, allowing complementary bases to be added according to base pairing rules.
- DNA replication is semi-conservative, meaning the new DNA that is created consists of one old strand (template) and one
Competitive and Non-Competitive Enzyme Inhibitors
Competitive Inhibitors
These are structurally similar to the substrate of the enzyme and bind to the active site. This means that when a competitive inhibitor binds to the active site of an enzyme, it prevents the substrate from binding. Only once the inhibitor has been released can the substrate bind. The inhibitor is called a competitive inhibitor as it competes with the substrate for the active site.
The effects of a competitive inhibitor can be reduced by increasing the substrate concentration.
Read MoreHominid Evolution: From Africa to Homo Ergaster
The Hominids: An Evolutionary Overview
The hominids are a group of non-arboreal primates whose origin is in Africa for at least several million years. A key characteristic is moving into a bipedal position. This conditions the situation of the foramen magnum at the base of the skull, through which the spinal cord passes to the backbone. On each side and downward facing are the occipital condyles: the double articulation of the skull to the backbone. Their palate is U-shaped, surrounded with a dental
Read MorePlant Physiology: Relationships and Reproduction
Plant Relationships and Stimuli Responses
Plants can receive and transmit stimuli from the external environment and have the capacity for movement. The regulation of a plant’s physiological activities depends on many internal and external factors. Internal factors are mainly plant hormones or phytohormones, while external factors include the length of day and night.
Plant Hormones
A hormone is a chemical produced by specialized cells, which acts on other cells of the individual, away from the hormone’
Read MorePhotosynthesis and Chemosynthesis: Energy Conversion in Organisms
Light Phase (Photochemical)
Photosynthetic pigments are associated with membrane proteins, constituting photosystems. By absorbing a photon, the pigment is ionized (oxidized). The pigment acts as an electron donor to a molecule called an electron acceptor. Then, a series of electron acceptors are reduced and successively oxidized, forming a transport chain. During this process, energy is released, which is harnessed by ATP synthases to produce ATP via the chemiosmotic hypothesis (proton accumulation
Read MoreUnderstanding Genetics, Human Genome, and Neurons
Nature Genetics
Genetics is the science that studies the mechanisms of heredity, as the traits passed from parent to child. The basic units of heredity are the genes that allow the continuity of species and determine that each individual has some distinctive features, unique and unrepeatable.
Each cell in the body contains 23 pairs of chromosomes, structures that are composed of DNA and determine your genotype or genetic inheritance. There are 22 pairs of chromosomes, not related to sex, and another
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