Cell Reproduction: A Comprehensive Look at Processes and Phases
Cell Reproduction: An Overview
Reproduction: The process by which living things produce new generations of individuals of the same species.
Cellular Foundations
Cells: The fundamental units from which new life forms develop are essential for reproduction.
Sexual Reproduction
Sexual reproduction involves two parents and specialized cells called gametes. Key aspects include:
Processes
- Gametogenesis: The production of male and female gametes.
- Fertilization: The union of a male gamete with a female gamete,
Biosphere, Ecosystems, and Biological Relationships
The Biosphere and its Components
The Biosphere is defined as the “layer” or ecosphere that includes all living things on Earth.
- Ecosystem: A part or section of the Biosphere formed by all the living things, the physical environment that surrounds them, and their relationships.
- Biotope: The abiotic area of the ecosystem (the physical environment and its conditions).
- Biocoenosis or Community: The biotic area of an ecosystem, or all the living things of an ecosystem.
- Ecology: The branch of Biology that
Human Male Reproductive System Explained
Male Reproductive System
The internal reproductive organs are those that are in the abdominal cavity or pubic area. External bodies are therefore out of this, although covered by fabric or leather. In humans, the reproductive system produces, stores, nourishes, and releases reproductive cells (in the case of the male apparatus, sperm).
Internal Organs
- Epididymis
The epididymis, also called *gavón*, is a long, narrow tube located on the upper back of the testicle. The vas deferens connects the back
Read MoreEndocrine System: Hormones, Glands, and Health
Endocrine System
The endocrine system is made up of endocrine glands that release hormones into the bloodstream.
Endocrine Glands
These include the thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries (in females), testicles (in males), and pituitary gland.
Hormones
Hormones are organic molecules produced by endocrine glands. They bind to receptors on target cells, regulating and coordinating organ functions.
Nervous System vs. Endocrine System
- Nervous System: Fast action, short duration,
Urinary System: Anatomy, Function, and Pathology
Anatomy of the Urinary System
The urinary system is composed of two kidneys, two ureters, the bladder, and the urethra.
Composition of the Nephron
The kidney is made up of multiple nephrons. The nephron is the structural and functional unit of the kidney. It is composed of:
- Glomerulus: A network of capillaries that receive blood from an afferent arteriole and drain through an efferent arteriole.
- Bowman’s capsule: Surrounds the glomerulus and has an open portion for collecting urine filtered in the glomerulus.
Cellular Respiration and Fermentation: Energy Production
The process involves the complete oxidation of acetyl-CoA, which is excreted as carbon dioxide. e-/ H + obtained in the successive oxidations are used to form molecules of reducing power and chemical energy in the form of GTP. This formation energy is known as substrate-level phosphorylation. In summary, the Krebs cycle occurs as follows: acetyl-CoA joins oxaloacetic acid to form citric acid, liberating CoA. Then, a series of reactions produce oxaloacetic acid again. This sequence includes the
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