Mammalian Reproduction, Sensory Systems and Conservation Terms
Mammalian Reproduction, Sensory Systems & Conservation
Lecture 16 — Reproduction II
- Immunorejection – Maternal immune system attacking the embryo because it is genetically half paternal.
- Choriovitelline placenta – Marsupial yolk-sac placenta with weak attachment and low efficiency.
- Embryonic diapause – Temporary pause in embryonic development before implantation.
- Zona pellucida – Glycoprotein coat around an oocyte or blastocyst that prevents polyspermy and offers protection.
- Delayed fertilization
Histology Essentials: Tissue Structure and Cell Function
Histology Fundamentals and Cell Structures
Histology Definition
Histology: Microscopic examination of biological structures that are both structurally and functionally related.
Cytoplasmic Membrane Functions
Cytoplasmic Membrane: Regulates interactions between cells, acts as a mechanical barrier, and provides transport for specific molecules.
Epithelial Tissue and Glands
Epithelial Tissue Characteristics
Epithelial Tissue: Closely linked cells that form continuous sheets and resist external forces. Forms
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Glial Cells: Support and Function
Glial cells are the other type of cell found in nervous tissue, often considered support cells. Their functions are directed at helping neurons complete communication. They typically have a higher ratio to nerve cells.
Key Glial Functions
- Bind nerve cells and maintain the ionic milieu.
- Modulate the rate of nerve signal propagation.
- Modulate synaptic action by controlling the uptake of neurotransmitters.
- Provide a scaffold for neural development.
- Aid in recovery from neural
Invertebrate Phyla: Arthropoda, Mollusca, and Hemichordata
Phylum Arthropoda: Jointed Appendages and Exoskeletons
Phylum Arthropoda is the largest phylum in the animal kingdom, comprising more than 80% of all known species. Their hallmark is the presence of jointed appendages and a chitinous exoskeleton.
General Characters of Phylum Arthropoda
- Level of Organization: Organ-system level.
- Symmetry and Germ Layers: Bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, and metamerically segmented.
- Exoskeleton: A hard outer covering made of chitin, which provides protection and
Fundamentals of Neuroscience: Structure and Function
Cellular Foundations of the Nervous System
Neurons: Structure and Function
Neurons are the basic units of the nervous system. They have four functional zones:
- Input: Dendrites receive information from other cells.
- Integration: The cell body (or soma) integrates the information it receives.
- Conduction: A single axon conducts output information away from the cell body as an electrical impulse.
- Output: Axon terminals at the end of the axon communicate activity to other cells.
Neuronal Shapes and Functions
Different
Read MoreEcological Principles and Environmental Change Dynamics
ADAPTATIONS
Adaptation = heritable trait ↑ fitness. Types: structural, behavioral, physiological. NS: variation→heritability→differential survival→allele freq change.
Predict adaptations by matching trait to environmental pressure.
DISTRIBUTIONS & NICHES
Patterns: random, uniform, clumped. Determined by dispersal limits, abiotic factors, biotic interactions. Fundamental niche = possible; realized = actual after competition/predation.
POPULATION GROWTH
Exponential: discrete Nt+1=λNt (λ>
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