Thoracic Anatomy: Organs, Structures, and Functions
Thorax
Concept: The thorax, commonly known as the chest, is the part of the human body located between the neck and the abdomen.
Functions of the Thorax
- Protection: Protects vital organs such as the heart, lungs, and major blood vessels.
- Respiration: The thorax allows the expansion and contraction of the lungs during breathing.
- Support: Provides structural support for the upper body and attachment for muscles of the chest, back, and upper limbs.
- Circulation: Houses the heart, which pumps blood throughout
Intermittent Fasting: Cellular Mechanisms and Metabolic Health
Intermittent Fasting as a Medical Tool
Throughout history, periods of food scarcity were very common. Because of this, the human body developed efficient responses to survive without constant food. From an evolutionary perspective, the body is not designed to eat continuously, but to alternate cycles of eating and fasting. Today, continuous caloric intake has become the norm, but this difference creates important physiological changes at the cellular level.
The relevance of this topic lies in analyzing
Read MoreForensic Anthropology: Skeletal Analysis and Legal Standards
Expert Testimony Standards
- Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (1993): Replaced the Frye general acceptance test. It establishes the trial judge as the “gatekeeper” who must ensure all scientific expert testimony is both relevant and reliable to exclude “junk science”.
- Kumho Tire Co. v. Carmichael (1999): Extended the judge’s gatekeeping obligation and Daubert‘s reliability requirements to all expert testimony, including technical and other specialized non-scientific knowledge.
Scope of the
Read MoreBiodiversity and Classification of Living Organisms: Invertebrates, Vertebrates and Plants
The diversity of organisms includes microorganisms, plants, and animals.
It exists as a result of the diversity of habitats and climates.
Sources of Food
Animals and plants supply food to humans.
Balance in Nature
Balance is maintained through the cycle of nutrients, pollination, and interaction between organisms.
Recreational Places
Areas that are rich in biodiversity can be developed as recreational places.
Medical Uses
Herbs are widely used in the manufacture of medicines and cosmetics.
Raw Materials for
Read MoreMicrobiology Essentials: History, Taxonomy, and Cell Structure
Microbiology Pioneers and History
- Hooke: Developed early microscopy; primary contributor to Cell Theory.
- van Leeuwenhoek: First to observe and describe live microorganisms (“animalcules”).
- Redi: Conducted experiments with decaying meat to disprove Spontaneous Generation.
- Pasteur: Swan-neck flask experiment; established Biogenesis and Germ Theory.
- Koch: Developed Koch’s Postulates to link specific microbes to specific diseases.
- Jenner: Pioneer of vaccination; developed the first smallpox vaccine.
- Semmelweis:
Anatomy and Physiology: Organization, Terms, and Planes
1. Organelles, Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organ Systems
- Organelles: Small structures inside a cell that perform specific functions.
- Cells: The basic units of structure and function in living things.
- Tissues: Groups of similar cells and some extracellular material, organized to perform a function.
- Organs: Structures made of two or more tissues that perform a specialized function.
- Organ systems: Groups of organs that work together to perform a specialized function.
Order to memorize:
Organelles → cells →
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