Neurobiology, Sensory Systems, and Endocrine Regulation
Glial Cells: Support and Function
Glial cells are the other type of cell found in nervous tissue, often considered support cells. Their functions are directed at helping neurons complete communication. They typically have a higher ratio to nerve cells.
Key Glial Functions
- Bind nerve cells and maintain the ionic milieu.
- Modulate the rate of nerve signal propagation.
- Modulate synaptic action by controlling the uptake of neurotransmitters.
- Provide a scaffold for neural development.
- Aid in recovery from neural
Invertebrate Phyla: Arthropoda, Mollusca, and Hemichordata
Phylum Arthropoda: Jointed Appendages and Exoskeletons
Phylum Arthropoda is the largest phylum in the animal kingdom, comprising more than 80% of all known species. Their hallmark is the presence of jointed appendages and a chitinous exoskeleton.
General Characters of Phylum Arthropoda
- Level of Organization: Organ-system level.
- Symmetry and Germ Layers: Bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, and metamerically segmented.
- Exoskeleton: A hard outer covering made of chitin, which provides protection and
Fundamentals of Neuroscience: Structure and Function
Cellular Foundations of the Nervous System
Neurons: Structure and Function
Neurons are the basic units of the nervous system. They have four functional zones:
- Input: Dendrites receive information from other cells.
- Integration: The cell body (or soma) integrates the information it receives.
- Conduction: A single axon conducts output information away from the cell body as an electrical impulse.
- Output: Axon terminals at the end of the axon communicate activity to other cells.
Neuronal Shapes and Functions
Different
Read MoreEcological Principles and Environmental Change Dynamics
ADAPTATIONS
Adaptation = heritable trait ↑ fitness. Types: structural, behavioral, physiological. NS: variation→heritability→differential survival→allele freq change.
Predict adaptations by matching trait to environmental pressure.
DISTRIBUTIONS & NICHES
Patterns: random, uniform, clumped. Determined by dispersal limits, abiotic factors, biotic interactions. Fundamental niche = possible; realized = actual after competition/predation.
POPULATION GROWTH
Exponential: discrete Nt+1=λNt (λ>
Read MoreBiochemical Analysis Techniques: pH, Buffers, and Cell Fractionation
Biochemical & Analytical Techniques
Unit I: General Principles of Biological/Biochemical Analysis
pH: The Acidity-Basicity Scale
The pH scale quantifies the concentration of hydrogen ions (H⁺) in a solution, indicating its acidity or basicity. It ranges from 0 to 14.
- A pH value below 7 signifies an acidic solution, characterized by a higher concentration of H⁺ ions.
- A pH above 7 indicates a basic (alkaline) solution, with a lower concentration of H⁺ ions and a higher concentration of hydroxide
Plant Embryo Development and Cellular Processes
Embryo Formation in Flowering Plants
The formation of embryos in flowering plants begins after fertilization, when the zygote (formed by the fusion of the male and female gametes) undergoes a series of divisions and differentiations. Though the initial stages of development are similar in both dicots and monocots, the final structure of the embryo differs significantly.
Dicot Embryo Formation
In dicot plants (e.g., bean, pea), the zygote first divides asymmetrically into a small terminal cell and a
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