Fundamentals of Genetics, DNA and Biotechnology
Genotype and Phenotype
Genotype: genetic constitution of an individual character or referring to a whole set of genes (e.g., AA, Aa).
Phenotype: external expression of the genotype. The phenotype is the property that presents in the individual (e.g., yellow, green).
Alleles: each of the variants of a gene. For each gene, the individual has a pair of alleles, which are commonly represented with a letter: A (dominant), a (recessive).
Heterozygous: an individual who carries two different alleles (e.g.,
Read MoreHuman Anatomy: Systems, Chemistry, and Cell Biology
Organ Systems and Their Functions
| System | Major Function |
|---|---|
| Integumentary | Protects the body and regulates temperature (skin, hair, nails). |
| Skeletal | Supports the body, stores minerals, and produces blood cells. |
| Muscular | Responsible for movement and posture. |
| Nervous | Fast communication and control of body responses. |
| Endocrine | Hormone secretion for internal regulation. |
| Cardiovascular | Transports nutrients, gases, and wastes (heart, blood vessels). |
| Lymphatic | Immune response and fluid balance (lymph nodes, spleen). |
| Respiratory | Facilitates |
Viral Infections: Persistence, Latency, and Immune Evasion
1. Defective-Interfering Particles and Persistent Infections
2. Viral Nucleic Acid Sensing by Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs)
Two PRR Classes Sensing Viral Nucleic Acids:
- RIG-I–like Receptors (RLRs): Recognize viral double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) present in the cytoplasm.
Essential Medical Terminology for Cardiac and Respiratory Care
Medical Terminology Reference
Cardiovascular System Terms
- ADLs: Activities of Daily Living; such as feeding, dressing, bathing, and toileting.
- Aorta: The main artery that carries blood away from the heart.
- Atria (singular: atrium): The two smaller hollow cavities of the heart which receive blood into the heart.
- Blood Pressure: The pressure of blood in the arteries.
- Blood Vessel: A tubular channel that carries blood (e.g., artery).
- Cardiac Cycle: Any of the events relating to the blood flow that occur from
Biology and Psychology Essential Study Reference
Biology and Psychology Cheat Sheet
—–A4 Double-Sided Cheat Sheet Layout—–
Side 1: Biology
Features of Living Things
- Movement, Respiration, Sensitivity, Growth, Reproduction, Excretion, and Nutrition (MRSGREN)
Hierarchy of Classification
- Domain > Kingdom > Phylum > Class > Order > Family > Genus > Species
- Binomial Nomenclature: Genus (capitalized) + species (lowercase), italicized, e.g., Homo sapiens
Cells
- Prokaryotic: No nucleus, no membrane-bound organelles.
- Eukaryotic: Nucleus,
Biological Foundations: From Bioelements to Biodiversity
Essential Bioelements and Biomolecules
Primary Bioelements: Carbon (C), Oxygen (O), Hydrogen (H), Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), and Sulfur (S). These are highly abundant, making up 98% of living matter. Carbon is the most characteristic, as it forms the long chains that serve as the basic structure of living things.
Secondary Bioelements: Calcium (Ca), Sodium (Na), Potassium (K), Magnesium (Mg), and Chlorine (Cl).
Trace Elements: Also known as vestigial elements, these make up less than 0.1% of the
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