Understanding Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
Photosynthesis and Energy Storage
- Photosynthesis: A process that uses light energy to make glucose.
- Overall Purpose: To store energy in glucose.
- Equation: Carbon dioxide + Water + Light → Glucose + Oxygen
Chloroplasts and Pigments
- Chloroplast: The organelle where photosynthesis occurs.
- Chlorophyll: A pigment that absorbs light energy.
Light-Dependent Reactions
- Inputs: Light, water, ADP, and NADP+.
- Outputs: ATP, NADPH, and oxygen.
- Role of Water: It is split to release oxygen.
The Calvin Cycle (Light-Independent)
Read MoreTurtle Biology, Evolutionary History, and Natural Selection
The Biology and Classification of Turtles (Testudines)
Turtles (Testudines) are an order of reptiles (Sauropsida) characterized by having a wide, short trunk, and a shell that protects the internal organs of the body. The head, front legs, and tail protrude from the shell.
Key Anatomical Features
The most important feature of the turtle skeleton is that a large part of the spine is fused to the back of the shell. This skeletal structure makes breathing via rib cage movement impossible. Respiration
Read MoreMolecular Biology Milestones: DNA, Proteins, and Cellular Function
Molecular Biology Milestones: DNA Discovery
Identifying DNA as the Hereditary Material
- Mendel: Hypothesized the existence of “hereditary molecules” (genes) that pass information through generations via his pea plant experiments.
- Miescher: First to isolate DNA (which he called “nuclein”) from the nuclei of white blood cells found in pus.
- Hammerling: Used green algae to show that the nucleus contains the genetic information responsible for regeneration.
- Griffith: Discovered the “transforming principle”
Human Homeostasis: Regulating Blood Glucose and Body Temperature
Blood Glucose Regulation and Homeostasis
At 6:30 am, Alyssa’s blood glucose levels increased, likely because she ate breakfast, causing glucose from digested carbohydrates to enter her bloodstream. This rise in blood glucose is detected by the pancreas, which helps maintain stable internal conditions, a state known as homeostasis.
In response, the pancreas releases insulin, a hormone that lowers blood glucose levels. Insulin allows body cells to absorb glucose for energy and signals the liver to
Read MoreFundamental Structures and Functions of the Human Body
Joints and Articulations
A joint, also known as an articulation, is the point where two or more bones meet. Joints allow for movement, flexibility, and support within the skeletal system.
Classification of Joints
Joints are classified into three main types based on their structure and function:
- Fibrous Joints (Synarthroses): Immovable or slightly movable joints connected by fibrous tissue. Examples include sutures in the skull.
- Cartilaginous Joints (Amphiarthroses): Slightly movable joints connected
Human Anatomy and Physiology: Body Systems, Tissues & Cells
Major Body Systems
Cardiovascular System
Heart: Pumps blood. Arteries/Veins: Transport blood. Blood: Carries oxygen, CO₂, nutrients, waste, and immune components.
Respiratory System
Nasal cavity: Filters air. Larynx: Produces voice and protects the airway. Lungs: Gas exchange (O₂, CO₂).
Digestive System
Mouth: Begins breakdown of food. Stomach: Acid and enzymes. Small intestine: Absorbs nutrients. Large intestine: Removes water and stores waste.
Urinary System
Kidneys: Form urine, maintain pH balance,
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