Scapula Bone: Anatomy, Function, and Injuries
The scapula, commonly known as the shoulder blade, is a flat, triangular-shaped bone located in the upper back. It plays a crucial role in shoulder movement, providing attachment points for muscles that facilitate arm and upper limb motion. The scapula is situated on the posterior aspect of the ribcage, specifically over ribs 2 to 7, and forms part of the shoulder girdle. It articulates with the humerus (upper arm bone) at the shoulder joint and the clavicle (collarbone) at the acromioclavicular
Read MoreCell Biology Fundamentals: Structure, Function, Types
Cell Theory Explained
Cell theory states:
- The cell is the fundamental structural and anatomical unit of all living organisms. All organisms are formed by one or more cells.
- The cell is the basic physiological or functional unit. Every cell is capable of maintaining life independently.
- Cells are the unit of genetic origin. Every cell derives from a pre-existing cell.
Common Characteristics of All Cells
All cells share these common characteristics:
- A cell membrane
- A set of structures called organelles
- Genetic
Human Circulatory System: Function and Blood Flow Q&A
Understanding the Human Circulatory System
1. Are red blood cells and platelets true cells?
Red blood cells are specialized cells (lacking a nucleus in mammals). Platelets, however, are not true cells; they are fragments of larger cells (megakaryocytes).
2. Explain the link between low hemoglobin and fatigue in anemia.
Anemia often involves low hemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen. Insufficient hemoglobin leads to reduced oxygen delivery to tissues, causing symptoms like fatigue
Read MoreKey Concepts in Biology and Ecology
Adaptations
Features which enable organisms to survive are called adaptations. Adaptations can be classified as anatomical, physiological, or behavioural.
Types of Adaptations
- Anatomical adaptations are the structures of an organism that are modified to perform an adapted function.
- Physiological adaptations are features of the processes inside an organism’s body that increase its chance of survival or reproduction.
- Behavioural adaptations are any actions by organisms which help them to survive or reproduce.
Maxillary Premolar and Molar Root Canal Anatomy
Maxillary Second Premolar Anatomy
This tooth typically has one root (88%) or two roots (12%). Root canal configurations within a single root can vary:
- Type I (One canal): 53%
- Type II (Two canals merging into one): 22%
- Type III (Two separate canals): 12%
One, two, or three canals can occur within a single root, although the incidence of three canals is low (1%). The majority of teeth have a single canal extending to the apex.
Buccal View (Recently Calcified)
A view of a recently calcified second premolar
Read MoreHuman Digestive and Respiratory Systems
Digestive System
The function of the digestive system is to transform food into simple compounds called nutrients.
Nutrition vs. Digestion
The difference between nutrition and digestion is that:
- Nutrition: Involves all the processes by which the body takes in, digests, absorbs, and uses food.
- Digestion: Is the process of breaking down food into the smallest particles that can be absorbed by the blood.
It is made up of the digestive tract (mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large
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