Understanding Metabolism: Catabolic and Anabolic Pathways
Metabolism:
Catabolic Reactions:
- Degradation of macromolecules to monomers, metabolic intermediates, and simple final products
- Oxidation
- Gain energy (ATP, NADH)
Anabolic Reactions:
- Synthesis of complex molecules from simple molecules
- Reduction
- Energy expenditure
This route has three levels of complexity:
- Interconversion of polymers and lipid complexes
- Interconversion of sugars, amino acids, and lipids
- Degradation ends up as inorganic compounds
Nucleotide Catabolism in Nicotinamide Biosynthesis:
NAD+ acts as a
Read MoreEffective Water Resources Management: Key Principles and Practices
WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
Key Questions in Water Resources Management
Questions:
1. What is the hydrological cycle and how can water balance be quantified?
Caused by solar energy.
HC: ocean → evaporation → precipitation → runoff (→ evaporation) → infiltration (→ ocean) → subsurface runoff → ocean
Annual water balance in the world:
Quantification: Precipitation (P) = evapotranspiration (E) + runoff (R)
520 (km3) = 484 + 36
Some points:
- Water moves from one reservoir to another (from river
Biochemistry Key Concepts: Definitions and Terminology
Biochemistry Key Concepts
Lesson 1, 2, and 3:
- Hydrolysis reaction: The cleavage of an element by the addition of the elements of water.
- Amphipathic compounds: Molecules with both polar and nonpolar regions.
- Hydrophobic molecules: Molecules that are not dissolved in water.
- Condensation reaction: The formation of cellular polymers from their subunits by simple reversal of hydrolysis.
- Functional groups: Added groups that confer specific chemical properties on the molecule.
- pH scale: It is a convenient means
Glycolysis and the Krebs Cycle: A Detailed Breakdown
Glycolysis
Glycolysis is the first step in cellular respiration. It is the process of breaking down glucose to make pyruvate. Glycolysis does not require oxygen (O2) and occurs in the cytosol.
Aerobic Respiration (Presence of Oxygen)
- Glycolysis
- Pyruvate oxidation, Krebs cycle
- Electron transport chain (ETC), oxidative phosphorylation
Anaerobic Respiration (Absence of Oxygen)
- Glycolysis
- Alcoholic fermentation (yeast)
- Lactic acid fermentation
Glycolysis Summary
- Glucose is broken down into 2 pyruvate molecules.
Water Resources Management in Disaster Areas: 2008 EES Summer School
EES Summer School: Ecological Management of Disaster Areas 2008
Water Resources Management
Questions:
1. What is the Hydrological Cycle and How Can Water Balance Be Quantified?
Caused by solar energy.
C: ocean → evaporation → precipitation → runoff (→ evaporation) → infiltration (→ ocean) → subsurface runoff → ocean
Annual Water Balance in the World:
Quantification: Precipitation (P) = Evapotranspiration (E) + Runoff (R)
520 (km3) = 484 + 36
Some Points:
- Water moves from one reservoir to another
Krebs Cycle and Glycolysis: Steps and Enzymes
Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
Step 1: Formation of Citrate
- Substrate: Acetyl CoA
- Enzyme: Citrate synthase
- Cofactor: None
- Product: Citrate
Step 2: Isomerization of Citrate
- Substrate: Citrate
- Enzyme: Aconitase
- Cofactor: None
- Product: Isocitrate
Step 3: Oxidative Decarboxylation of Isocitrate
- Substrate: Isocitrate
- Enzyme: Isocitrate dehydrogenase
- Cofactor: NAD+
- Product: Alpha-ketoglutarate, NADH, CO2
Step 4: Oxidative Decarboxylation of Alpha-ketoglutarate
- Substrate: Alpha-ketoglutarate
- Enzyme: Alpha-ketoglutarate