Cultural Renaissance and Gothic Art: 11th to 15th Century
Cultural Renaissance from the 11th Century
From the 11th century, there was a cultural renaissance that manifested in several ways:
- The development of written literature. Notable examples include epic songs about the exploits of heroes (such as The Song of My Cid), books about horses (fantasy adventures for gentlemen), and romances.
- The creation of urban schools, driven by the bourgeoisie.
- The emergence of universities in the mid-12th century as associations of teachers and students to defend their
Communication and Discourse: Key Concepts and Forms
Topic 1: Communication Concepts
A lexical family is a set of words that share the same lexeme. Communication is the process by which information is transmitted from one point to another.
Elements of Communication
- Sender: Has the intention of transmitting information, developing a message, and sending it to its recipient.
- Message: The sequence of signs that the sender creates to reach their partner.
- Receiver: Receives and interprets the message.
- Channel: The physical means by which the message travels
Francisco Goya: A Visionary Painter in a Changing Spain
Francisco Goya’s style is difficult to classify because his life was full of social change. He painted many kings, ministers, and thinkers. With the return to absolutism under Ferdinand VII, he went to Bordeaux in 1823. A painter far ahead of his time, Goya had the misfortune of living in an antiquated Spain. He was a contemporary of neoclassical authors, but his painting cannot be identified with the neoclassical style of David. He did not adhere to any specific movement because he painted reality.
Read MoreEdvard Munch’s The Scream: Symbol of Modern Anguish
Edvard Munch’s *The Scream*: A Closer Look
The Scream, a masterpiece by the Norwegian painter Edvard Munch, is a powerful depiction of existential angst. In the foreground, an androgynous figure stands on a bridge, hands clasped to their head, mouth agape in a silent scream. The figure’s features are distorted, almost skeletal. Behind them, two figures walk indifferently along the bridge, seemingly oblivious to the central figure’s torment.
The landscape beyond the bridge mirrors the central figure’
Read MoreBernini’s Baldacchino: A Masterpiece in St. Peter’s Basilica
Bernini’s Baldacchino in St. Peter’s Basilica
A Fusion of Architecture, Sculpture, and Symbolism
The Baldacchino of St. Peter in the Basilica of St. Peter’s is a monumental work by Gian Lorenzo Bernini. Commissioned by Pope Urban VIII, a member of the Barberini family, it refocused attention on the main altar area, a crucial architectural and symbolic point within the temple. Its execution took nine years, from 1624 to 1633, and presented numerous challenges.
Challenges and Controversies
One major issue
Understanding Narrative Structure and Dramatic Texts
The Area: The Environment
In relation to reality, space can be categorized as:
- Real Space: Corresponds to real and identifiable places.
- Imaginary Space: Exists in reality but has been created from similar places in reality.
- Fantasy Space: Does not exist in real space.
The Time
The events described occur in a temporal succession. We distinguish two types of narrative time:
- External Time: The time when the action unfolds.
- Internal Time: The way in which events are arranged chronologically in the story.
The
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