Umayyad Art and Architecture: Mosques and Minarets in Al-Andalus
Umayyad Art and Architecture in Al-Andalus
There are new minimum: Arcos geminate geminate and intersecting arcs.
Mansur in 999 built a pavilion in the eastern part of the prayer hall, ablution.
The building is fundamental to study the Umayyad art, being a regency and minimizing the debris left over from other buildings.
END OF ALMANZOR.
Andalusian Minarets Used as Christian Towers
Occur later in Cordoba.
Late ninth century or early tenth century.
In the following two examples, both towers reproduce the
Read MoreAviation Security: Historical Attacks and Countermeasures
A Retrospective View of Crimes and Terrorism in Aviation
Types of Attack
- Three “fundamental” types of attack on aviation:
- Hijacking (skyjacking) aircraft
- Bomb placement in aircraft
- Airport terminal assaults
- Types of attack have changed little over time, but motivations, methods, and purposes have changed.
- Now we should add “airplane as a weapon” to the list above.
- Lethality and damage to society have expanded enormously.
The “Eras” of Attacks on Aviation
- 1930-1960
- 1960-1980
- 1980-1990
- 1990-2001
- Post-
US Aviation Security: Regulations and Agencies
US Responses to Unlawful Acts in Aviation
Brief History of US Bureaucratic Responses to Threats
- 1961: Air Marshal program initiated.
- 1971: FAR Part 107 (Airport Security) created.
- 1971 & 1974: Anti-Hijacking laws passed.
- 1978: Act to Combat Terrorism.
- 1990: Aviation Security Improvement Act.
- 1996: White House Commission on Aviation Safety and Security.
- 1996: Aviation Security and Antiterrorism Act.
- 2000: Airport Security Improvement Act.
- 2001: Aviation and Transportation Security Act (ATSA).
- 2002: Homeland
Aircraft Safety Systems: Enhancing Flight Operations
Aircraft Safety Systems: Enhancing Flight Operations
Principal Risk Elements to Safe Aircraft Flight Operations
- Loss of power
- Loss of control
- Stopping
- Failure of aircraft structure
- Aircraft fires
- Mid-air collisions
Jet Engine Safety Contributions
- Major increases in power, especially at high altitudes
- More power available for engine failure situations
- Much simpler controls = fewer opportunities for human failure
- Ability to cruise at high altitudes, above most bad weather
- Ability to climb quickly through bad weather
- Dramatically
Aircraft Certification Standards and Airworthiness Compliance
Means of Compliance (MoC)
- MoC 0, Statement: Direct Answer. Applicant declaration, normally supported with a short rationale, which shows compliance with the requirement.
- MoC 1, Description: Descriptive document or reference to a document including the drawings that show compliance with the requirement.
- MoC 2, Analysis: Documents with calculations and analysis that show compliance with the requirements.
- MoC 3, Safety Assessment: Specific analysis prepared to show compliance with Safety Requirements (
Aviation Security: Threats and Acts of Unlawful Interference
Understanding “Unlawful Interference”
“Unlawful Interference” encompasses a wide spectrum of acts, ranging from moderately disruptive behavior to mass terrorist attacks. Examples include:
- Vandalism of airport facilities
- Air rage
- Threatening flight attendants
- Drug smuggling
- Cargo theft
- Bomb threats
- Sabotage of aircraft/NAVAIDS
- “Simple” hijackings
- Fatal hijackings
- Aircraft bombing
- 9/11 mass attacks
ICAO Annex 17: Defining “Unlawful Interference” with Civil Aviation
ICAO Annex 17 defines “Unlawful Interference”
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