Spacecraft Systems and Orbital Dynamics Explained

Space Environment Classification

The space environment can be classified into several distinct regions based on physical characteristics. These regions affect spacecraft and astronauts in different ways:

  • Low Earth Orbit (LEO): 160 km to 2,000 km altitude. It is influenced by atmospheric drag and is the location of most manned missions (e.g., ISS).
  • Medium Earth Orbit (MEO): 2,000 km to 35,786 km altitude. Used for navigation satellites (e.g., GPS).
  • Geostationary Orbit (GEO): 35,786 km altitude. Satellites
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Numerical Integration and Differentiation in Fortran

Numerical Integration and Differentiation Module

This Fortran module, integrarDerivar, provides functions for numerical integration and differentiation. It utilizes the utilidad module and employs implicit none for improved code safety.

Numerical Integration Functions

The module includes functions for calculating definite integrals using different numerical methods:

  • Riemann Sum (riemann): Calculates the integral using the Riemann sum approximation.
  • Trapezoidal Rule (trapecios): Calculates the integral
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C++ Examples: Basic Operations and Code Snippets

C++ Code Examples

Basic Output

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main(){
    cout << "Hola a todos!" << endl;
}

Sum of Two Integers

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
    int x, y;
    cin >> x >> y;
    cout << x + y << endl;
}

Sum of Three Integers

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
    int x, y, z;
    cin >> x >> y >> z;
    cout << x + y + z << endl;
}

Maximum of

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