Strategic Management Accounting and Performance Measurement
Activity-Based Costing in Modern Manufacturing
Activity-Based Costing (ABC) is essential in modern manufacturing units for several critical reasons:
- Overcomes Traditional Costing Limitations: Traditional systems use single cost drivers (such as labor hours), which can cause cost distortions. ABC uses multiple cost drivers that reflect actual resource consumption.
- Handles Product Diversity: Modern units produce varied products with different complexities. ABC recognizes that complex products consume
Essential Principles of Accounting and Corporate Finance
1. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP)
GAAP, which stands for Generally Accepted Accounting Principles, refers to the rules and guidelines that companies follow to prepare financial statements. They were developed over time through common practice, and different countries have different GAAP (e.g., US GAAP, German GAAP). GAAP are necessary because they:
- Make financial information useful;
- Allow comparison over time;
- Allow comparison between different companies.
Without GAAP, financial statements
Read MoreFinal Accounts and Accounting Principles for Nonprofit Organizations
Final Accounts of Nonprofit Organizations
Final accounts of a nonprofit organization
Nonprofit organizations are entities established not for earning profit but for promoting art, culture, sports, education, welfare, etc. Examples include medical associations, charitable trusts, welfare societies, laboratories, sports clubs, hospitals, and educational institutions. These are also called non-trading concerns or not-for-profit organizations.
Final accounts of a nonprofit organization
The final accounts
Read MoreDirect and Indirect Taxes, Perquisites & Income Tax Deductions in India
Direct Tax
A direct tax is paid directly to the government by the person on whom it is imposed. The burden of this tax cannot be shifted to someone else.
Examples:
- Income tax
- Wealth tax
- Property tax
- Corporate tax
Indirect Tax
An indirect tax is paid by one person but the burden can be passed on to another person. It is collected when people buy goods and services.
Examples:
- GST (Goods and Services Tax)
- Customs duty
- Excise duty
Merits and Demerits of Direct Tax
Merits
- Equitable: Direct taxes are based on the ability
Business Structures, Financial Metrics and Management Essentials
Sole Proprietorship
Sole proprietorship: unlimited liability, very easy to create, owner 18+, low taxes, easy to dissolve, hard to expand.
Partnerships
General partnership: minimum 2 owners, unlimited liability, difficult to transfer ownership.
Limited partnership: shared responsibilities, more resources available.
Corporations
S-Corporation
S-Corp: maximum 100 shareholders, avoids double taxation; has shareholders’ meetings and a board of directors.
C-Corporation
C-Corp: double taxation — corporation
Cost Accounting Concepts, CVP & Decision-Making Formulas
Cost Accounting Concepts & CVP Analysis
KEY: DM = Direct Materials, DL = Direct Labor, MOH = Manufacturing Overhead, RM = Raw Materials, WIP = Work in Process, FG = Finished Goods, COGM = Cost of Goods Manufactured, COGS = Cost of Goods Sold, Beg = Beginning, End = Ending, Inv = Inventory, Avg = Average, Mfg = Manufacturing, CM = Contribution Margin, SP = Selling Price, VC = Variable Costs, FC = Fixed Costs, MOS = Margin of Safety, DOL = Degree of Operating Leverage
Chapter 14 – Cost Concepts
- Prime