Spanish Literature: Baroque and Middle Ages – A Comprehensive Guide
S. XVII BAROQUE
An artistic and literary movement that began in Italy during the late sixteenth and late seventeenth centuries. It is characterized by its heavy stylistic and finding except with the complication of form and substance.
In the ideological his songs spread a negative view of the world and of man that will lead to disappointment that pervades the work of many writers, why are moralizing works, satirical and ascetic.
In the form of expression is twisted and convoluted, and cultivates the game ingenious concepts or language.
In Spain there are two trends, culteranismo and conceptismo. These are two opposing styles seeking formal complication.
Culteranismo
It aims to create a world of beauty in response to sensory values and care of the form. It uses expressive resources: Use bold and intensive metaphor, hyperbaton, allusions to mythology, and so on.
The greatest representative of culteranismo is Luis de Góngora.
Conceptismo
A literary movement that puts more emphasis on the ideas and concepts (the fund) that the way to express them. Its main representatives are: Francisco de Quevedo
The poetry of the sixteenth century stands by the quality of the compositions. The poetry reflects the d breach Renaissance harmony and balance manifested in the forms and themes as the inevitability of time Step disappointment Death
Genres:
1. The Lyric: It has a close and personal perspective (of speaking) that reveals a feeling, mood or experience. Its function is emotive (poetic).
Major Genres:
- Oda: Extensive and high pitch. Rational formal express feelings or ideas.
- Hymn: For singing. Used to express patriotic sentiments, religious …
- Elegy: Long poem. Express feelings of grief at individual or collective.
- Song: Loving type expresses emotions.
- Letter: Letter. Philosophical or moral issues.
- Eclogue: In the mouths of pastors. Exhibition of feelings of love of nature.
Minor Genres: Sonnet, Epigram, Madrigal, Romance lyric.
2. Epic or Narrative: The author stands as a spectator contemplates past events. Through history we know that world indirectly, much of the author’s imagination and sensitivity. The epic is usually reserved for narrative works of classical antiquity and the Middle Ages, written in verse.
Major Genres:
- Epic: A long verse narrative of great and memorable events.
- Epic: Long length, narrates the exploits of a national hero.
- Novel: Extensive and complex narrative that tells a complete story with a central character who appears faced with the reality.
- Story: Short Story and dense in a unique situation. Often characterized by surprise ending.
Genres Children:
- Romance: Verse narrative octosyllable exclusive Hispanic literature.
- Fable: Short story didactic moral purpose.
- Fable: Apologists whose protagonists are animals.
3. Dramatic: It has a different perspective. Removes the “I” of the issuer. The characters feel, act and talk to each other in the eyes of the receiver of the work. Direct spectator of events, the same applies to the reader of the play written.
Major Genres:
- Tragedy: Contains all elements of the tragic hero and the conflict that leads to catastrophe as necessary.
- Comedy: Present conflicts of everyday life with humor is characterized by the happy resolution
- Drama: Action serious and unfortunate ending. The characters struggle lacks heroic character. Usually mixed with other tense moments of relaxation.
Genres Under: Appetizer, farce, farce, auto-sacramental, vaudeville, opera, zarzuela …
Literary Figures:
Figures phonological and morphological character.
- Alliteration: Repetition of similar sounds
- Paranomasia: Significant words are placed very close but different meaning.
- Pun: The syllables of a word are grouped differently for different otherwise.
- Switching: Syntax are two opposing groups that contain the same words but in different order and function.
Syntactic character figures:
- Ellipsis: Omission of one or more elements is understood.
- Asyndeton: Elimination of conjunctions between two or more elements that should carry them.
- Polysyndeton: Repetition of conjunctions to connect multiple items.
- Germination: Repetition of a word at the beginning of the verse.
- Epiphora: Repetition of a word at the end of the verse.
- Epístrofe: When the repetition of a word at the end of several verses.
- Anaphora: Repetition of a word at the beginning of several verses.
- Anadiplosis: Repetition of a word at the end of a verse with the start of another verse.
- Redición or Epanadiplosis: Repetition of a word at the beginning and end of a verse.
- Poliptoton: Repetition of the lexeme with different inflectional morphemes.
- Derivation: Repetition of the lexeme with different morphemes derivatives.
- Enumeration: A series of interrelated elements.
- Graduation: Enumeration that follows a particular order.
- Parallelism: Repeat structures in two or more lines.
- Chiasmus: Not symmetrical arrangement of two parallel groups of words.
- Hyperbaton: Alteration of the normal order of words in the sentence.
Figures of thought:
- Apostrophe: Call someone
- Rhetorical question: Question that no response is expected.
- Dilogía: A word with two meanings.
- Antithesis: Opposition of words semantically opposite.
- Oxymoron: Opposition between two words together opposite meaning.
- Paradox: The union of two incompatible ideas.
- Litotes: Denial of the opposite of what you want to say.
- Irony: Presentation of an idea using an expression that means the opposite.
- Comparison: A comparison with another element.
- Hyperbole: Exaggeration.
- Pretermission: Pretends to ignore what is actually being said.
- Reluctance: Interruption of the speech.
- Personification: Attribution of human qualities to inanimate things.
- Epiphoneme: Exclamation briefly discussed above.
Tropos:
- Metaphor: Substitution of one element for another with which it has a similarity.
- Cretica tasting metaphor: When similarity is established between the elements is disproportionate.
- Synesthesia: Transposition of various sensations to various bodily senses.
- Allegory: Any text that presents a global sense along the way figured that appears directly.
- Metonymy: Substitution of one term for another with which it maintains a relationship of contiguity.
- Synecdoche: A type of metonymy that occurs when an element is replaced by another with which it maintains a ratio of whole to part or part to whole.
- Hypallage: It consists in attributing a noun from an adjective that corresponds to a substantive close.
MIDDLE AGES
The average age begins in the fifth century to the fifteenth-century. This time is organized according to an economic and political model called feudalism. Society was divided into three estates: clergy, nobles, and peasants. The first two are the owners of the land and the latter are those who work and give of their fruits to the Lords in return for his protection. The nobles are responsible for defending their vassals. De each estate social conflicts occurred. The development of trade, craft industry at the end of the Middle Ages created a crisis in the feudal system in the twelfth century. In this century there was an economic point: cities grow, multiply the trade routes.
Begin Burgos (cities) and the bourgeois inhabitants were descendants of the farmers who had established itself in the cities.
The breakdown of feudalism is clear already in the fourteenth century. Time of general crisis
PROSE.
In the second half of the thirteenth century appears and develops castellana. Esto prose is due to the ambitious efforts of King Alfonso X the Wise to use Castilian as a cultural language instead of Latin. Alfonso X encourages people of multiple translation Oriental works.
The works of Alfonso X are varied: historical works, legal works, scientific works and works of entertainment. Throughout the thirteenth century many collections of stories or former employees of Eastern origin. The morality preached by the Oriental tales is essentially practical advise using caution. The medieval tale was inserted into DON JUAN MANUEL work with Count Lucanor.
Don Juan Manuel was the nephew of Alfonso X the wise and their works illustrate the perfection of the social problems and contradictions of feudal society of the fourteenth century.
Juan Manuel defends the traditional organization of feudal society and justify their own political action. Some of his works are lost, we must stress the Conde Lucanor, the book of knight and squire …
The Count of Lucanor divided into five parts. The 1st has 50 exempla, the 2nd, 3rd, 4th consist of a set of proverbs and the 5th of religious theme.
THE THEATER.
It distinguishes two theatrical forms: the religious drama and theater profane.
The religious drama, the works are grouped into two cycles: Christmas and the passion of Christ. The first performances took place within the temples then took the stage himself placed outdoors.
The secular drama represented by the minstrels in their performances under the name game with farces mocking scorn for popular environment. Just retain medieval theatrical texts in Castilian. Today only retain the theater before the fifteenth century medieval verse 147 of the representation of the Magi work late twelfth century.