Spanish Civil War: Rise of Franco & Aftermath
The Rise of Francisco Franco
Amidst the territorial conquests of the Spanish Civil War, violence erupted against leftist organizations and Republicans in cities like Seville, Badajoz, and Malaga. The occupied areas, often controlled by Falangist militias, highlighted the need for unified leadership. Franco’s control over the well-equipped Army of Africa, combined with support from Hitler and Mussolini, solidified his power. The liberation of the Alcázar of Toledo further boosted his popularity. He was appointed Generalissimo, consolidating military and political authority. A Technical Board of State served as his advisory body.
Franco, with guidance from Ramón Serrano Suñer, established a single-party regime mirroring fascist states. This involved merging the Falange and the Traditionalist Communion, sidelining Carlist leaders like Fal Conde. The unification decree created the Traditionalist Spanish Falange de las JONS, under Franco’s command. Its program echoed Falangist principles. Manuel Hedilla, the Falange’s national chief, was imprisoned for resisting the decree. The new party, also known as the National Movement, adopted fascist symbols.
The Catholic Church, reacting against the Republic’s secular laws and anti-clericalism, largely supported Franco’s rebellion, framing the conflict as a “religious crusade.” Franco assumed legislative and executive powers, suspending the Republic’s reforms. The Church regained its privileges and control over education.
Franco’s Social and Political Policies
The Law of Political Responsibilities empowered military courts to punish Republican supporters. The Labour Law shaped social policy.
Consequences of the Civil War
Estimates of war-related deaths range from 500,000 to 600,000, including combat casualties, victims of repression, and those who succumbed to disease and deprivation. Post-war repression under Franco added another 30,000 to 50,000 deaths. The war led to Republican exile, with a significant wave following the fall of Catalonia. Around 450,000 Republicans fled to France, facing internment in harsh conditions. Subsequent negotiations with Franco resulted in the return of nearly half, while others found refuge in Latin American countries.
Economic Devastation
The war crippled Spain’s economy. Infrastructure suffered extensive damage, including railways, roads, and shipping. Factories and an estimated 500,000 homes were destroyed. Industrial production plummeted due to shortages of raw materials and energy. Agricultural output declined because of manpower shortages and lack of resources. Livestock populations were decimated. Investment, foreign trade, and private consumption collapsed. Average income reportedly fell by 28%. The treasury was depleted, inflation soared, and financial reserves vanished.