Spain’s Second Republic: 1931-1936
The Second Republic (1931)
Following Berenguer’s resignation, Alfonso XIII appointed Admiral Aznar to form a government tasked with holding clean elections. Despite monarchist wins in rural areas, Republicans triumphed in provincial capitals. On April 13, 1931, Alfonso XIII abdicated, and the Second Republic was proclaimed on April 14.
A provisional government led by Alcalá Zamora was formed. Francesc Macià proclaimed a Catalan Republic, challenging the provisional government, which promised Catalan autonomy.
June 1931 elections resulted in a Republican-Socialist coalition majority. The new Cortes drafted a democratic constitution.
Constitution of 1931
The Constitution established a democratic system with universal suffrage, including women. It guaranteed freedoms of expression and association, labor rights, and equality in marriage. It also recognized civil marriage, divorce, and equal rights for all children.
The Constitution established a secular state, leading to controversy and attacks on the clergy. Manuel Azaña became Prime Minister, and Alcalá Zamora, President.
Reform Biennium (1931-33)
Key reforms included:
- Labor reforms: Health insurance, paid holidays, eight-hour workday, minimum wage.
- Land reform: Limited redistribution due to lack of resources and landowner opposition.
- Military reform: Reduction of officers and an attempt to ensure loyalty.
- Assault Guard: Created to maintain public order.
- Religious issue: Church opposition grew due to anticlerical violence.
- Regional autonomy: Catalonia and Basque Country gained autonomy.
- Educational policy: Focus on primary education.
The Republic fostered a cultural evolution with prominent figures like Ortega y Gasset, García Lorca, and Picasso.
In September 1933, political maneuvering and social unrest led to Azaña’s resignation and new elections.
Radical-CEDA Biennium (1934-36)
Right-wing coalition led by Lerroux and CEDA won the elections. Measures of the previous period were rolled back.
Revolution of 1934
Left-wing uprising in response to the rightward shift, particularly strong in Asturias.
Political polarization increased, with the emergence of extremist groups like the Falange.
Elections of 1936 and Popular Front
The Popular Front, a left-wing coalition, won the elections. Azaña became President, and Casares Quiroga, Prime Minister.
Tensions escalated with political violence from both sides. The murder of Calvo Sotelo triggered a military uprising led by Franco, Mola, and Sanjurjo, marking the beginning of the Spanish Civil War.