Psychology Terms and Developmental Concepts
Developmental Stages and Physical Growth
Part 3:
- 61.
- A. Occurring during pregnancy, before birth: prenatal
- B. The stage between forty-five and sixty-five years of age: middle age
- C. The process in which a person develops motor skills: physical development
- D. The stage in which a person reaches sexual maturity: puberty
- E. The stage between toddlerhood and six or seven years of age: early childhood
- F. The stage in which a person is fully mature: adulthood
- 62.
- 1. A. Children with good hand-eye coordination often do well at sports.
- 1. B. During infancy, children first learn how to move their limbs.
- 2. A. Sitting is an early motor skill that babies must learn.
- 2. B. As people reach old age, they are more likely to develop illnesses.
- 3. A. The period of adolescence is the stage just before adulthood.
- 3. B. The parents were excited when their toddler began to walk.
Psychological Theories and Systems
- 63.
- A. A theory that highlights society’s effect on a child’s development: Cultural-Historical Theory
- B. A theory in which four environments affect a child’s development: Ecological Systems Theory
- C. A collection of factors that indirectly affect a child’s development: exosystem
- D. The process in which a person learns how to perform mental tasks: cognitive development
- E. The relationships between a child’s different microsystems: mesosystem
- F. The stage in which a child learns to communicate verbally: preoperational stage
- G. The stage in which a child begins to learn to think logically: concrete operational stage
- 64.
- 1. An infant’s microsystem is usually limited to just immediate family.
- 2. The relationship between infants and parents is the main focus of Attachment Theory.
- 3. The sensorimotor stage is the first Piagetian stage that a child goes through.
- 4. Cultural attitudes about gender and race are part of a child’s macrosystem.
Cultural and Social Psychology
- 65.
- A. A branch of science that focuses on cultural similarities: cross-cultural psychology
- B. Emphasizing the roles of people in groups: collectivist culture
- C. The belief that one’s own group is better than all others: ethnocentrism
- D. Emphasizing each person’s unique personality traits: individualist culture
- E. People who place little emphasis on schedules and deadlines: polychronic culture
- F. A branch of science that focuses on cultural differences: cultural psychology
- G. A group of people who rely mostly on verbal communication: low-context culture
- 66.
- 1. A. Members of high-context cultures tend to communicate more with gestures.
- 1. B. Many people believe stereotypes that are inaccurate or exaggerated.
- 2. A. In a modern monochronic culture, meeting deadlines is very important.
- 2. B. Many people feel prejudice towards a group without ever meeting someone from that group.
Social Cognition and Group Behavior
- 67.
- A. The process of causing something by believing it to be true: self-fulfilling prophecy
- B. The act of overemphasizing the role of personality in behavior: fundamental attribution error
- C. Relating to the attitudes or characteristics of an individual: personal
- D. The study of society’s influences on people’s minds and behaviors: social psychology
- E. The act of forming more positive attitudes about individuals than groups: person-positivity bias
- F. The act of attributing one’s own behavior to events, not personality: actor-observer effect
- G. An explanation of the cause of something: attribution
- 68.
- 1. Intentionally not preparing for an exam can be a type of self-handicapping.
- 2. The woman’s conflicting opinions caused a state of cognitive dissonance.
- 3. Impression formation can create a general idea about a person within a few seconds.
- 4. The study on social cognition examined how relationships affect thought processes.
- 5. Many people use social comparison to measure their own success.
- 6. The woman has a generally negative attitude about her coworkers.
- 69.
- 1. A. The professor started a group for new students.
- 1. B. The man exhibited altruism by donating money to the charity.
- 2. A. The student’s performance improved as a result of social facilitation.
- 2. B. The leader of the group expected obedience from the members.
- 3. A. Nobody in the crowd took action, demonstrating the bystander effect.
- 3. B. The lecture on deindividuation was about losing one’s own individuality.
Research Methodology and Data Analysis
- 70.
- A. A type of study relating to something in the future: prospective
- B. A type of study relating to a population or a representative sample of that population: cross-sectional study
- C. A type of study analyzing people with a common characteristic or experience: cohort study
- D. The connection between two events, where the second is the result of the first: causal relationship
- E. Relating to the survey of a group over time to observe changing factors: longitudinal study
- F. A type of study involving dependent or related factors: correlational research
- G. A type of study that relies on descriptive data rather than causes: statistical research
- 71.
- 1. A study showed an increase in the population since last year.
- 2. The information in the report was qualitative, related to the goodness or badness of the subjects.
- 3. Experiments require the collection and analysis of facts and figures (data).
- 4. The professor relied on quantitative, measurable statistics for his research.
- 5. Retrospective.
- 72.
- A. A rule, policy, or recommendation outlining ideal methods: guideline
- B. A person who is the focus of an experiment or research: human subject
- C. Relating to someone’s personal beliefs: moral
- D. A study in which the placement of subjects is not determined by the researcher: observational study
- E. The process of using data and controlled studies to validate a hypothesis: experimental research
- F. The positive or helpful result of something: benefit
- G. Relating to boundaries: defined
- H. A child or a person who is younger than a particular age: minor
- 73.
- 1. The researcher preferred a field experiment to the laboratory setting.
- 2. An interview with the researcher helped the subject understand the study better.
- 3. A number of primates were observed during the animal study.
- 4. Consent from parents was required in order to study the school children.
- 5. The professor prepared a list of ethical concerns about the plans for the study.
- 6. All psychology experiments are governed by strict regulations.
- 74.
- A. A digital program or model used to replicate something: computer simulation
- B. The process of gathering and preparing information: data collection
- C. A subset of a population that is chosen without design or purpose: random sample measurement
- D. A real-life event observed as the subject of analysis: case study
- E. A characterization of data by name, category, or label: nominal
- 75.
- Collection Methods: archival search, self-report, survey
- Examination Methods: content analysis, meta-analysis
- Characterizations of Data: interval measurement, ratio measurement, ordinal measurement
Clinical Psychology and Mental Disorders
- 76.
- A. A change intended to improve something: revision
- B. An organization of psychiatrists who set standards: APA
- C. A disruption of a person’s thoughts, feelings, and sometimes behavior: mental disorder
- D. A manual that classifies problems with mental functioning: DSM
- E. An organization that is dedicated to international public health: WHO
- F. A system in which symptoms were placed into different categories: multi-axial system
- G. A diagnostic resource that is considered an international standard: ICD
- H. The study of problems with the human mind: abnormal psychology
- 77.
- 1. Depression can be a symptom of a larger problem.
- 2. The woman went to see a psychologist because she was in a disturbed state of being (condition).
- 3. The psychologist used the DSM to diagnose the man’s illness.
- 4. The patient asked for another professional opinion when the doctor could not identify his problem.
- 78.
- A. An intense, debilitating fear: phobia
- B. A mood disorder characterized by periods of high activity and sadness: bipolar disorder
- C. A condition in which a person is nervous in many or all situations: generalized anxiety disorder
- D. A condition in which a person feels sad and has low self-esteem: depression
- E. An idea that a person cannot stop thinking about: obsession
- F. A stress condition related to a traumatic event: PTSD
- G. A condition in which a person has attacks of overwhelming fear: panic disorder
- H. A condition in which a person engages in rituals to avoid bad thoughts: OCD
- 79.
- 1. For some people with OCD, hand-washing is a compulsion.
- 2. An anxiety disorder is a disorder in which people experience high levels of nervousness.
- 3. PTSD is an example of a stress disorder.
- 4. A mood disorder might cause irrational levels of energy, sadness, or both.
- 80.
- A. A condition in which a person stays in the same position: catatonic schizophrenia
- B. A developmental disorder in which a person has trouble interacting: autism
- C. A condition characterized by delusions: paranoid schizophrenia
- D. A category of mental disorders in which a child has delays in basic areas: PDD
- E. A condition in which a person travels far away and forgets his or her identity: dissociative fugue
- F. A condition in which a person has disrupted speech: disorganized schizophrenia
- G. A condition in which a person’s symptoms are reduced, but not cured: residual schizophrenia
- H. A disorder in which a person has difficulty concentrating: ADHD
- 81.
- 1. The woman has a condition featuring multiple personalities (dissociative identity disorder).
- 2. The patient had a disorder in which he was not well-connected to reality and had disorganized thoughts (schizophrenia).
- 3. Following a traumatic event, the man suffered from memory loss brought on by the event (dissociative amnesia).
- 4. The doctor diagnosed his patient with a form of schizophrenia that did not follow any established pattern (undifferentiated schizophrenia).
- 5. The psychologist specialized in dissociative disorders characterized by a change in memory or identity.
Personality Disorders and Self-Image
- 82.
- A. The way a person thinks others view him or her: self-image
- B. A category of qualities or features: characteristic
- C. The way a person views him- or herself: self-esteem
- D. Overemphasized: exaggerated
- 83.
- 1. A. With any personality disorder, a patient’s actions often violate society’s expectations.
- 1. B. People with antisocial personality disorder do not have respect for other people’s feelings.
- 2. A. The patient was diagnosed with narcissistic personality disorder because of his self-important attitude.
- 2. B. Avoidant personality disorder makes someone want to stay at home and never interact with others.
- 3. A. People with schizoid personality disorder are not interested in having meaningful relationships.
- 3. B. Schizotypal personality disorder causes patients to perceive reality differently than other people do.
Therapeutic Approaches and Specialized Fields
- 84.
- A. A treatment used to resolve conflicts between family members: family therapy
- B. A treatment in which multiple patients discuss their issues together: group therapy
- C. A treatment that confronts issues of the realities of existence: existential therapy
- D. A treatment that adjusts negative thinking and self-esteem: cognitive therapy
- E. A treatment focusing on individual thought and personal growth: humanistic therapy
- F. The discussion of dreams, feelings, and memories with a psychoanalyst: psychoanalysis
- G. A treatment focusing on habits, actions, and the thoughts that cause them: behavioral therapy
- 85.
- Medications: antipsychotic, tranquilizer, antidepressant
- Medical Procedures: psychosurgery, ECT
- Therapy Techniques: free association, psychodynamic therapy
- 86.
- A. Ergonomics, industrial design, and operations research for the workplace: human factors
- B. The study of relationships amongst individuals, communities, and society: community psychology
- C. The relationship between psychology and athletic performance: sport psychology
- D. The study of human learning and effective teaching techniques: educational psychology
- E. The application of law to psychology: legal psychology
- F. A general field that focuses on behavior and relationships: clinical psychology
- 87.
- B. The man researched industrial psychology to improve his office.
- B. The court called an expert in forensic psychology to give evidence.
- A. School psychology is a field that attempts to improve student performance.
- 88.
- A. Someone who specializes in learning and behavioral issues in children: school psychologist
- B. A general post-graduate or doctoral degree: PhD
- C. Someone who specializes in scientific, scholarly, and empirical research: academic psychologist
- D. Someone who specializes in personality and behavioral issues: clinical psychologist
- E. A post-graduate research or doctoral degree in education: EdD
- F. Someone who specializes in the psychological measurement of knowledge: psychometrician
- G. Someone who specializes in assessment and intervention: counseling psychologist
- H. Someone who specializes in counseling, training, or career development: consulting psychologist
- 89.
- 1. The student studied for two years to earn her MA.
- 2. All of the pilots had to meet with a military psychologist before deploying.
- 3. At the end of the doctoral program, the student will receive a PsyD.
- 4. The manufacturer ordered a marketing report from a consumer psychologist.
- 5. The engineering psychologist redesigned the office space to make it more efficient.
Group Dynamics and Social Influence
- 90.
- A. The inclination to make extreme decisions as a group despite individual tendencies: group polarization
- B. The tendency of a group of people to approach issues as one: groupthink
- C. Similar thoughts or behavior in line with members of a group: conformity
- D. The restriction of behavior to avoid embarrassment when observed by others: social inhibition
- E. The tendency to assume another member of a group will take action: diffusion of responsibility
- F. The process of acting as someone requested or ordered: compliance