World War I: Key Phases and Turning Points

The War of Movement (August-November 1914)

When the war began in August 1914, Germany and Austria-Hungary (the Central Powers) enjoyed significant advantages: powerful armies and easy communication. However, the necessity of fighting a two-front war required a quick victory. The German plan called for a swift strike against France, aiming for its capitulation within six weeks, allowing the Central Powers to then focus all their efforts on the Russian front. Initially, these predictions seemed to

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Understanding Strings, Languages, and Automata in Computing

Understanding Character Strings

A character string, word, or phrase (often simply called a string) is an ordered sequence of elements of arbitrary, though finite, length, belonging to a certain alphabet. Generally, a character string is a sequence of letters, numbers, or other symbols. In usual mathematics, the letters w, x, y, z are often used to refer to strings. From a programming standpoint, a string can consist of any finite combination of characters from the available character set.

Defining

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Sporting Success: Regulation, Technical Skills, Tactics, and Strategy

Regulation in Sports

Regulation constitutes the formal structure of sports, defining and delimiting the peculiarities of a particular sport. It does so based on:

  • Framework of Competition

    This refers to the characteristics of space and materials used, and everything that helps judges ensure fair competition with identical conditions across different venues (e.g., actions, dress code, start and end of the test).

  • Rules of Play

    These are the rules that set the goal of the game and how it can be achieved,

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19th Century Spanish Political Factions and Their Ideologies

Political Groupings in 19th Century Spain

The nineteenth-century political parties were not as we conceive them today. They were not compact and homogeneous groups with a well-defined ideology. Instead, these groups revolved more around notable civil or military personalities. Rather than organized parties, they were currents of opinion or cliques linked by personal relationships or financial interests.

The Moderates

The Moderates defined themselves as people of order. They were a heterogeneous group

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Legal Wrongfulness: Conceptions and Sanctions

Item 12: Wrongfulness and Legal Sanctions

Conceptions of Wrongfulness

Classical Conception

The classical conception of wrongfulness considers unlawful conduct as a dependent variable of the concept of “good,” and therefore, illegality is defined as an evil. The law operates as a repressive instrument of crime, attributing a penalty involving punishment or an evil for the guilty subject. However, not all evil actions are to be covered by the law; the law can define its own wrongs that do not necessarily

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Essential Business IT Concepts: Data, Systems, & Projects

Data & Business Intelligence Fundamentals

Data, Information, & Business Intelligence

  • Four Primary Traits of Data Value
    1. Accuracy: Correct and reliable.
    2. Completeness: No missing values.
    3. Consistency: Same data, same format across systems.
    4. Timeliness: Up-to-date and available when needed.
  • Types of Data
    • Transactional Data: Supports daily tasks (e.g., sales receipts).
    • Analytical Data: Supports managerial decisions (e.g., trends).
  • Real-time Data: Immediate and up-to-date.
  • Data Quality Issues: Inconsistency,
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The Enlightenment in 18th Century Spain: Ideals, Literature, and Jovellanos

General Characteristics of the Enlightenment

The eighteenth century, ideologically, championed ideals that contrasted with the crisis of the seventeenth century. These foundational ideas are known as the Enlightenment, also referred to as the Age of Reason. These reformist ideas were rooted in reason, positing it as the ultimate faculty for thought and progress.

Two key intellectual movements significantly influenced the Enlightenment:

  • Empiricism from England, championed by thinkers like Francis Bacon,
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Software Engineering Essentials: Concepts & Methodologies

Software Engineering Fundamentals

Software consists of computer programs and associated documentation. It can be developed for a particular person or a general market.

What is Software?

Software refers to computer programs and their associated documentation. It can be tailored for a specific individual or designed for a general market.

Software Attributes

Software should provide the required functionality and performance for the user. It must also be maintainable, dependable, and usable.

Software Engineering

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Literary Forms, Genres, and Medieval Literary Traditions

Literary Language and Genres: Forms and Structures

The Artistic Use of Language: Oral and Written

Literary language encompasses both oral and written forms, employing distinct methods for presenting text.

Prose vs. Verse: Fundamental Textual Structures

Prose: Continuous Flow and Syntactic Repetition

  • Continuous Form: Text flows without line breaks based on metrical patterns.
  • Syntactic Repetition: Ideas are often reinforced through repeated syntactic structures.
  • Closeness to Spoken Language: Generally considered
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Sustainable Engineering Principles & Life Cycle Assessment

Understanding Sustainability & Sustainable Engineering

Sustainability, as defined by Merriam-Webster, refers to (1) a method of harvesting or using a resource so that it is not depleted or permanently damaged, and (2) a lifestyle involving the use of sustainable methods.

Sustainable development, according to the Brundtland Commission, is “development which meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of the future to meet its needs.”

Sustainable engineering is defined as

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